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<h1 id="32">3.2. &nbsp; 数据结构分类<a class="headerlink" href="#32" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>数据结构主要可根据「逻辑结构」和「物理结构」两种角度进行分类。</p>
<h2 id="321">3.2.1. &nbsp; 逻辑结构：线性与非线性<a class="headerlink" href="#321" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>「逻辑结构」反映了数据之间的逻辑关系</strong>。数组和链表的数据按照顺序依次排列，反映了数据间的线性关系；树从顶至底按层级排列，反映了祖先与后代之间的派生关系；图由结点和边组成，反映了复杂网络关系。</p>
<p>我们一般将逻辑结构分为「线性」和「非线性」两种。“线性”这个概念很直观，即表明数据在逻辑关系上是排成一条线的；而如果数据之间的逻辑关系是非线性的（例如是网状或树状的），那么就是非线性数据结构。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>线性数据结构</strong>：数组、链表、栈、队列、哈希表；</li>
<li><strong>非线性数据结构</strong>：树、图、堆、哈希表；</li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="classification_logic_structure" src="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_logic_structure.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Fig. 线性与非线性数据结构 </p>

<h2 id="322">3.2.2. &nbsp; 物理结构：连续与离散<a class="headerlink" href="#322" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>若感到阅读困难，建议先看完下个章节「数组与链表」，再回过头来理解物理结构的含义。</p>
</div>
<p><strong>「物理结构」反映了数据在计算机内存中的存储方式</strong>。从本质上看，分别是 <strong>数组的连续空间存储</strong> 和 <strong>链表的离散空间存储</strong>。物理结构从底层上决定了数据的访问、更新、增删等操作方法，在时间效率和空间效率方面呈现出此消彼长的特性。</p>
<p><img alt="classification_phisical_structure" src="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_phisical_structure.png" /></p>
<p align="center"> Fig. 连续空间存储与离散空间存储 </p>

<p><strong>所有数据结构都是基于数组、或链表、或两者组合实现的</strong>。例如栈和队列，既可以使用数组实现、也可以使用链表实现，而例如哈希表，其实现同时包含了数组和链表。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>基于数组可实现</strong>：栈、队列、哈希表、树、堆、图、矩阵、张量（维度 <span class="arithmatex">\(\geq 3\)</span> 的数组）等；</li>
<li><strong>基于链表可实现</strong>：栈、队列、哈希表、树、堆、图等；</li>
</ul>
<p>基于数组实现的数据结构也被称为「静态数据结构」，这意味着该数据结构在在被初始化后，长度不可变。相反地，基于链表实现的数据结构被称为「动态数据结构」，该数据结构在被初始化后，我们也可以在程序运行中修改其长度。</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>数组与链表是其他所有数据结构的“底层积木”，建议读者一定要多花些时间了解。</p>
</div>


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