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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 5.2. 队列
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「队列 Queue」是一种遵循「先入先出 first in, first out」数据操作规则的线性数据结构。顾名思义,队列模拟的是排队现象,即外面的人不断加入队列尾部,而处于队列头部的人不断地离开。
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我们将队列头部称为「队首」,队列尾部称为「队尾」,将把元素加入队尾的操作称为「入队」,删除队首元素的操作称为「出队」。
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![队列的先入先出规则](queue.assets/queue_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 队列的先入先出规则 </p>
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## 5.2.1. 队列常用操作
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队列的常用操作见下表,方法名需根据特定语言来确定。
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| 方法名 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
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| --------- | -------------------------- | -------- |
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| push() | 元素入队,即将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
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| poll() | 队首元素出队 | $O(1)$ |
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| front() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
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| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
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</div>
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我们可以直接使用编程语言实现好的队列类。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="queue.java"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.offer(1);
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queue.offer(3);
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queue.offer(2);
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queue.offer(5);
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queue.offer(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek = queue.peek();
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/* 元素出队 */
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int poll = queue.poll();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.size();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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boolean isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="queue.cpp"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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queue<int> queue;
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int front = queue.front();
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/* 元素出队 */
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queue.pop();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.size();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool empty = queue.empty();
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="queue.py"
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""" 初始化队列 """
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# 在 Python 中,我们一般将双向队列类 deque 看作队列使用
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# 虽然 queue.Queue() 是纯正的队列类,但不太好用,因此不建议
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que = collections.deque()
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""" 元素入队 """
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que.append(1)
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que.append(3)
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que.append(2)
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que.append(5)
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que.append(4)
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""" 访问队首元素 """
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front = que[0];
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""" 元素出队 """
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pop = que.popleft()
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""" 获取队列的长度 """
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size = len(que)
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""" 判断队列是否为空 """
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is_empty = len(que) == 0
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="queue_test.go"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// 在 Go 中,将 list 作为队列来使用
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queue := list.New()
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.PushBack(1)
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queue.PushBack(3)
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queue.PushBack(2)
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queue.PushBack(5)
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queue.PushBack(4)
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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peek := queue.Front()
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/* 元素出队 */
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poll := queue.Front()
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queue.Remove(poll)
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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size := queue.Len()
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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isEmpty := queue.Len() == 0
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="queue.js"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// JavaScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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const queue = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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const peek = queue[0];
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const poll = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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const size = queue.length;
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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const empty = queue.length === 0;
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="queue.ts"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// TypeScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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const queue: number[] = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.push(1);
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queue.push(3);
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queue.push(2);
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queue.push(5);
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queue.push(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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const peek = queue[0];
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const poll = queue.shift();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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const size = queue.length;
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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const empty = queue.length === 0;
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="queue.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="queue.cs"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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Queue<int> queue = new();
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.Enqueue(1);
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queue.Enqueue(3);
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queue.Enqueue(2);
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queue.Enqueue(5);
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queue.Enqueue(4);
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek = queue.Peek();
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/* 元素出队 */
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int poll = queue.Dequeue();
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size = queue.Count();
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool isEmpty = queue.Count() == 0;
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="queue.swift"
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/* 初始化队列 */
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// Swift 没有内置的队列类,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
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var queue: [Int] = []
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/* 元素入队 */
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queue.append(1)
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queue.append(3)
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queue.append(2)
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queue.append(5)
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queue.append(4)
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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let peek = queue.first!
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 使用 Array 模拟时 poll 的复杂度为 O(n)
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let pool = queue.removeFirst()
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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let size = queue.count
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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let isEmpty = queue.isEmpty
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="queue.zig"
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```
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## 5.2.2. 队列实现
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队列需要一种可以在一端添加,并在另一端删除的数据结构,也可以使用链表或数组来实现。
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### 基于链表的实现
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我们将链表的「头结点」和「尾结点」分别看作是队首和队尾,并规定队尾只可添加结点,队首只可删除结点。
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=== "LinkedListQueue"
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![基于链表实现队列的入队出队操作](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue.png)
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=== "push()"
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![linkedlist_queue_push](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue_push.png)
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=== "poll()"
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![linkedlist_queue_poll](queue.assets/linkedlist_queue_poll.png)
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以下是使用链表实现队列的示例代码。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linkedlist_queue.java"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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class LinkedListQueue {
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private ListNode front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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private int queSize = 0;
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public LinkedListQueue() {
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front = null;
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rear = null;
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}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return queSize;
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}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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public boolean isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
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}
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/* 入队 */
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public void push(int num) {
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// 尾结点后添加 num
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if (front == null) {
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front = node;
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rear = node;
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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} else {
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rear.next = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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queSize++;
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}
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/* 出队 */
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public int poll() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头结点
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front = front.next;
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queSize--;
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return num;
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}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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public int peek() {
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if (size() == 0)
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throw new EmptyStackException();
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return front.val;
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}
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/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
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public int[] toArray() {
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ListNode node = front;
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int[] res = new int[size()];
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for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
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res[i] = node.val;
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node = node.next;
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}
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return res;
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="linkedlist_queue.cpp"
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/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
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class LinkedListQueue {
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private:
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ListNode *front, *rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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int queSize;
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public:
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LinkedListQueue() {
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front = nullptr;
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rear = nullptr;
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queSize = 0;
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}
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~LinkedListQueue() {
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delete front;
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delete rear;
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}
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/* 获取队列的长度 */
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int size() {
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return queSize;
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}
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/* 判断队列是否为空 */
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bool empty() {
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return queSize == 0;
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}
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/* 入队 */
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void push(int num) {
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// 尾结点后添加 num
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ListNode* node = new ListNode(num);
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// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if (front == nullptr) {
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front = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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else {
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rear->next = node;
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rear = node;
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}
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queSize++;
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}
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/* 出队 */
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void poll() {
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int num = peek();
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// 删除头结点
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ListNode *tmp = front;
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front = front->next;
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// 释放内存
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delete tmp;
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queSize--;
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}
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/* 访问队首元素 */
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int peek() {
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if (size() == 0)
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throw out_of_range("队列为空");
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return front->val;
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}
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/* 将链表转化为 Vector 并返回 */
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vector<int> toVector() {
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ListNode* node = front;
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vector<int> res(size());
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for (int i = 0; i < res.size(); i++) {
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res[i] = node->val;
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node = node->next;
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}
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return res;
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}
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};
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="linkedlist_queue.py"
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class LinkedListQueue:
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""" 基于链表实现的队列 """
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def __init__(self):
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""" 构造方法 """
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self.__front = None # 头结点 front
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self.__rear = None # 尾结点 rear
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self.__size = 0
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def size(self):
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""" 获取队列的长度 """
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return self.__size
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def is_empty(self):
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""" 判断队列是否为空 """
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return not self.__front
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def push(self, num):
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""" 入队 """
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# 尾结点后添加 num
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node = ListNode(num)
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# 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
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if self.__front is None:
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self.__front = node
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self.__rear = node
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# 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
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else:
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self.__rear.next = node
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self.__rear = node
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self.__size += 1
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def poll(self):
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""" 出队 """
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num = self.peek()
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# 删除头结点
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|
|
self.__front = self.__front.next
|
|
|
self.__size -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
|
|
|
def peek(self):
|
|
|
""" 访问队首元素 """
|
|
|
if self.size() == 0:
|
|
|
print("队列为空")
|
|
|
return False
|
|
|
return self.__front.val
|
|
|
|
|
|
def to_list(self):
|
|
|
""" 转化为列表用于打印 """
|
|
|
queue = []
|
|
|
temp = self.__front
|
|
|
while temp:
|
|
|
queue.append(temp.val)
|
|
|
temp = temp.next
|
|
|
return queue
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linkedlist_queue.go"
|
|
|
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
|
|
type linkedListQueue struct {
|
|
|
// 使用内置包 list 来实现队列
|
|
|
data *list.List
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化队列 */
|
|
|
func newLinkedListQueue() *linkedListQueue {
|
|
|
return &linkedListQueue{
|
|
|
data: list.New(),
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) push(value any) {
|
|
|
s.data.PushBack(value)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) poll() any {
|
|
|
if s.isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
e := s.data.Front()
|
|
|
s.data.Remove(e)
|
|
|
return e.Value
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) peek() any {
|
|
|
if s.isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
e := s.data.Front()
|
|
|
return e.Value
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) size() int {
|
|
|
return s.data.Len()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) isEmpty() bool {
|
|
|
return s.data.Len() == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取 List 用于打印 */
|
|
|
func (s *linkedListQueue) toList() *list.List {
|
|
|
return s.data
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linkedlist_queue.js"
|
|
|
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListQueue {
|
|
|
#front; // 头结点 #front
|
|
|
#rear; // 尾结点 #rear
|
|
|
#queSize = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.#front = null;
|
|
|
this.#rear = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
get size() {
|
|
|
return this.#queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return this.size === 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
push(num) {
|
|
|
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(num);
|
|
|
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
|
|
if (!this.#front) {
|
|
|
this.#front = node;
|
|
|
this.#rear = node;
|
|
|
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
this.#rear.next = node;
|
|
|
this.#rear = node;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.#queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
poll() {
|
|
|
const num = this.peek();
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
this.#front = this.#front.next;
|
|
|
this.#queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peek() {
|
|
|
if (this.size === 0)
|
|
|
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
|
|
return this.#front.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
|
|
toArray() {
|
|
|
let node = this.#front;
|
|
|
const res = new Array(this.size);
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
|
|
|
res[i] = node.val;
|
|
|
node = node.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linkedlist_queue.ts"
|
|
|
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListQueue {
|
|
|
private front: ListNode | null; // 头结点 front
|
|
|
private rear: ListNode | null; // 尾结点 rear
|
|
|
private queSize: number = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.front = null;
|
|
|
this.rear = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
get size(): number {
|
|
|
return this.queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
isEmpty(): boolean {
|
|
|
return this.size === 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
push(num: number): void {
|
|
|
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(num);
|
|
|
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
|
|
if (!this.front) {
|
|
|
this.front = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
this.rear!.next = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
poll(): number {
|
|
|
const num = this.peek();
|
|
|
if (!this.front) throw new Error('队列为空');
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
this.front = this.front.next;
|
|
|
this.queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peek(): number {
|
|
|
if (this.size === 0) throw new Error('队列为空');
|
|
|
return this.front!.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
|
|
toArray(): number[] {
|
|
|
let node = this.front;
|
|
|
const res = new Array<number>(this.size);
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
|
|
|
res[i] = node!.val;
|
|
|
node = node!.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linkedlist_queue.c"
|
|
|
[class]{linkedListQueue}-[func]{}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linkedlist_queue.cs"
|
|
|
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListQueue
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
private ListNode? front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
|
|
|
private int queSize = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
public LinkedListQueue()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
front = null;
|
|
|
rear = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
public int size()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
return queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
public bool isEmpty()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
return size() == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
public void push(int num)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
|
|
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
|
|
|
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
|
|
if (front == null)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
front = node;
|
|
|
rear = node;
|
|
|
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
else if (rear != null)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
rear.next = node;
|
|
|
rear = node;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
public int poll()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
int num = peek();
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
front = front?.next;
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
public int peek()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
if (size() == 0 || front == null)
|
|
|
throw new Exception();
|
|
|
return front.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
|
|
public int[] toArray()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
if (front == null)
|
|
|
return Array.Empty<int>();
|
|
|
|
|
|
ListNode node = front;
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[size()];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
res[i] = node.val;
|
|
|
node = node.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linkedlist_queue.swift"
|
|
|
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListQueue {
|
|
|
private var front: ListNode? // 头结点
|
|
|
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点
|
|
|
private var _size = 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
init() {}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func size() -> Int {
|
|
|
_size
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
|
|
size() == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
func push(num: Int) {
|
|
|
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
|
|
let node = ListNode(x: num)
|
|
|
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
|
|
if front == nil {
|
|
|
front = node
|
|
|
rear = node
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
|
|
else {
|
|
|
rear?.next = node
|
|
|
rear = node
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
_size += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
func poll() -> Int {
|
|
|
let num = peek()
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
front = front?.next
|
|
|
_size -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func peek() -> Int {
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
fatalError("队列为空")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return front!.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
|
|
|
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
|
|
var node = front
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
|
|
|
for i in res.indices {
|
|
|
res[i] = node!.val
|
|
|
node = node?.next
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linkedlist_queue.zig"
|
|
|
// 基于链表实现的队列
|
|
|
fn LinkedListQueue(comptime T: type) type {
|
|
|
return struct {
|
|
|
const Self = @This();
|
|
|
|
|
|
front: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 头结点 front
|
|
|
rear: ?*inc.ListNode(T) = null, // 尾结点 rear
|
|
|
queSize: usize = 0, // 队列的长度
|
|
|
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
|
|
|
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化队列)
|
|
|
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
|
|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
|
|
|
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
|
|
|
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
self.front = null;
|
|
|
self.rear = null;
|
|
|
self.queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 析构方法(释放内存)
|
|
|
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
|
|
|
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 获取队列的长度
|
|
|
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
|
|
|
return self.queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 判断队列是否为空
|
|
|
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
|
|
|
return self.size() == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 访问队首元素
|
|
|
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
|
|
|
if (self.size() == 0) @panic("队列为空");
|
|
|
return self.front.?.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 入队
|
|
|
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
|
|
// 尾结点后添加 num
|
|
|
var node = try self.mem_allocator.create(inc.ListNode(T));
|
|
|
node.init(num);
|
|
|
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
|
|
|
if (self.front == null) {
|
|
|
self.front = node;
|
|
|
self.rear = node;
|
|
|
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
self.rear.?.next = node;
|
|
|
self.rear = node;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
self.queSize += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 出队
|
|
|
pub fn poll(self: *Self) T {
|
|
|
var num = self.peek();
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
self.front = self.front.?.next;
|
|
|
self.queSize -= 1;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 将链表转换为数组
|
|
|
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
|
|
|
var node = self.front;
|
|
|
var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
|
|
|
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
|
|
|
var i: usize = 0;
|
|
|
while (i < res.len) : (i += 1) {
|
|
|
res[i] = node.?.val;
|
|
|
node = node.?.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 基于数组的实现
|
|
|
|
|
|
数组的删除首元素的时间复杂度为 $O(n)$ ,这会导致出队操作效率低下。然而,我们可以采取下述的巧妙方法来避免这个问题。
|
|
|
|
|
|
考虑借助一个变量 `front` 来指向队首元素的索引,并维护变量 `queSize` 来记录队列长度。我们定义 `rear = front + queSize` ,该公式计算出来的 `rear` 指向“队尾元素索引 $+1$ ”的位置。
|
|
|
|
|
|
在该设计下,**数组中包含元素的有效区间为 `[front, rear - 1]`** ,进而
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 对于入队操作,将输入元素赋值给 `rear` 索引处,并将 `queSize` 自增 $1$ 即可;
|
|
|
- 对于出队操作,仅需将 `front` 自增 $1$ ,并将 `queSize` 自减 $1$ 即可;
|
|
|
|
|
|
观察发现,入队与出队操作都仅需单次操作即可完成,时间复杂度皆为 $O(1)$ 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "ArrayQueue"
|
|
|
![基于数组实现队列的入队出队操作](queue.assets/array_queue.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "push()"
|
|
|
![array_queue_push](queue.assets/array_queue_push.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "poll()"
|
|
|
![array_queue_poll](queue.assets/array_queue_poll.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
细心的同学可能会发现一个问题:在不断入队与出队的过程中,`front` 和 `rear` 都在向右移动,**在到达数组尾部后就无法继续移动了**。为解决此问题,**我们考虑将数组看作是首尾相接的**,这样的数组被称为「环形数组」。
|
|
|
|
|
|
对于环形数组,我们需要令 `front` 或 `rear` 在越过数组尾部后,直接绕回到数组头部接续遍历。这种周期性规律可以通过「取余操作」来实现,详情请见以下代码。
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array_queue.java"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue {
|
|
|
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
private int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
private int queSize; // 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
public ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
|
|
|
nums = new int[capacity];
|
|
|
front = queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
public int capacity() {
|
|
|
return nums.length;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
return queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
public boolean isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
public void push(int num) {
|
|
|
if (queSize == capacity()) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
int rear = (front + queSize) % capacity();
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
public int poll() {
|
|
|
int num = peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
public int peek() {
|
|
|
if (isEmpty())
|
|
|
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
|
|
return nums[front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组 */
|
|
|
public int[] toArray() {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[queSize];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++) {
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[j % capacity()];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array_queue.cpp"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue {
|
|
|
private:
|
|
|
int *nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
int queSize; // 队列长度
|
|
|
int queCapacity; // 队列容量
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:
|
|
|
ArrayQueue(int capacity) {
|
|
|
// 初始化数组
|
|
|
nums = new int[capacity];
|
|
|
queCapacity = capacity;
|
|
|
front = queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
~ArrayQueue() {
|
|
|
delete[] nums;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
int capacity() {
|
|
|
return queCapacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
int size() {
|
|
|
return queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
bool empty() {
|
|
|
return size() == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
void push(int num) {
|
|
|
if (queSize == queCapacity) {
|
|
|
cout << "队列已满" << endl;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算队尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
int rear = (front + queSize) % queCapacity;
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
void poll() {
|
|
|
int num = peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
front = (front + 1) % queCapacity;
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
int peek() {
|
|
|
if (empty())
|
|
|
throw out_of_range("队列为空");
|
|
|
return nums[front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 将数组转化为 Vector 并返回 */
|
|
|
vector<int> toVector() {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
vector<int> arr(queSize);
|
|
|
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++) {
|
|
|
arr[i] = nums[j % queCapacity];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array_queue.py"
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue:
|
|
|
""" 基于环形数组实现的队列 """
|
|
|
def __init__(self, size):
|
|
|
""" 构造方法 """
|
|
|
self.__nums = [0] * size # 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
self.__front = 0 # 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
self.__size = 0 # 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
def capacity(self):
|
|
|
""" 获取队列的容量 """
|
|
|
return len(self.__nums)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def size(self):
|
|
|
""" 获取队列的长度 """
|
|
|
return self.__size
|
|
|
|
|
|
def is_empty(self):
|
|
|
""" 判断队列是否为空 """
|
|
|
return self.__size == 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
def push(self, num):
|
|
|
""" 入队 """
|
|
|
assert self.__size < self.capacity(), "队列已满"
|
|
|
# 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
# 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
rear = (self.__front + self.__size) % self.capacity()
|
|
|
# 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
self.__nums[rear] = num
|
|
|
self.__size += 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
def poll(self):
|
|
|
""" 出队 """
|
|
|
num = self.peek()
|
|
|
# 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
|
|
|
self.__size -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
|
|
|
def peek(self):
|
|
|
""" 访问队首元素 """
|
|
|
assert not self.is_empty(), "队列为空"
|
|
|
return self.__nums[self.__front]
|
|
|
|
|
|
def to_list(self):
|
|
|
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
|
|
|
res = [0] * self.size()
|
|
|
j = self.__front
|
|
|
for i in range(self.size()):
|
|
|
res[i] = self.__nums[(j % self.capacity())]
|
|
|
j += 1
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array_queue.go"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
type arrayQueue struct {
|
|
|
nums []int // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
front int // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
queSize int // 队列长度
|
|
|
queCapacity int // 队列容量(即最大容纳元素数量)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化队列 */
|
|
|
func newArrayQueue(queCapacity int) *arrayQueue {
|
|
|
return &arrayQueue{
|
|
|
nums: make([]int, queCapacity),
|
|
|
queCapacity: queCapacity,
|
|
|
front: 0,
|
|
|
queSize: 0,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) size() int {
|
|
|
return q.queSize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) isEmpty() bool {
|
|
|
return q.queSize == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) push(num int) {
|
|
|
// 当 rear == queCapacity 表示队列已满
|
|
|
if q.queSize == q.queCapacity {
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
rear := (q.front + q.queSize) % q.queCapacity
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
q.nums[rear] = num
|
|
|
q.queSize++
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) poll() any {
|
|
|
num := q.peek()
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
q.front = (q.front + 1) % q.queCapacity
|
|
|
q.queSize--
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) peek() any {
|
|
|
if q.isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return q.nums[q.front]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取 Slice 用于打印 */
|
|
|
func (q *arrayQueue) toSlice() []int {
|
|
|
rear := (q.front + q.queSize)
|
|
|
if rear >= q.queCapacity {
|
|
|
rear %= q.queCapacity
|
|
|
return append(q.nums[q.front:], q.nums[:rear]...)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return q.nums[q.front:rear]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array_queue.js"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue {
|
|
|
#nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
#front = 0; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
#queSize = 0; // 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(capacity) {
|
|
|
this.#nums = new Array(capacity);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
get capacity() {
|
|
|
return this.#nums.length;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
get size() {
|
|
|
return this.#queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
empty() {
|
|
|
return this.#queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
push(num) {
|
|
|
if (this.size == this.capacity) {
|
|
|
console.log("队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
const rear = (this.#front + this.size) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
this.#nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
this.#queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
poll() {
|
|
|
const num = this.peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
this.#front = (this.#front + 1) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
this.#queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peek() {
|
|
|
if (this.empty())
|
|
|
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
|
|
return this.#nums[this.#front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回 Array */
|
|
|
toArray() {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
const arr = new Array(this.size);
|
|
|
for (let i = 0, j = this.#front; i < this.size; i++, j++) {
|
|
|
arr[i] = this.#nums[j % this.capacity];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array_queue.ts"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue {
|
|
|
private nums: number[]; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
private front: number; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
private queSize: number; // 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(capacity: number) {
|
|
|
this.nums = new Array(capacity);
|
|
|
this.front = this.queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
get capacity(): number {
|
|
|
return this.nums.length;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
get size(): number {
|
|
|
return this.queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
empty(): boolean {
|
|
|
return this.queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
push(num: number): void {
|
|
|
if (this.size == this.capacity) {
|
|
|
console.log("队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
const rear = (this.front + this.queSize) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
this.nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
this.queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
poll(): number {
|
|
|
const num = this.peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
this.front = (this.front + 1) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
this.queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peek(): number {
|
|
|
if (this.empty())
|
|
|
throw new Error("队列为空");
|
|
|
return this.nums[this.front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回 Array */
|
|
|
toArray(): number[] {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
const arr = new Array(this.size);
|
|
|
for (let i = 0, j = this.front; i < this.size; i++, j++) {
|
|
|
arr[i] = this.nums[j % this.capacity];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return arr;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array_queue.c"
|
|
|
[class]{arrayQueue}-[func]{}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array_queue.cs"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
private int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
private int queSize; // 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
public ArrayQueue(int capacity)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
nums = new int[capacity];
|
|
|
front = queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
public int capacity()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
return nums.Length;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
public int size()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
return queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
public bool isEmpty()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
return queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
public void push(int num)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
if (queSize == capacity())
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
int rear = (front + queSize) % capacity();
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
public int poll()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
int num = peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
public int peek()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
if (isEmpty())
|
|
|
throw new Exception();
|
|
|
return nums[front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组 */
|
|
|
public int[] toArray()
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[queSize];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++)
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[j % this.capacity()];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array_queue.swift"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayQueue {
|
|
|
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
private var front = 0 // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
private var queSize = 0 // 队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
init(capacity: Int) {
|
|
|
// 初始化数组
|
|
|
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的容量 */
|
|
|
func capacity() -> Int {
|
|
|
nums.count
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func size() -> Int {
|
|
|
queSize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
|
|
queSize == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队 */
|
|
|
func push(num: Int) {
|
|
|
if size() == capacity() {
|
|
|
print("队列已满")
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
let rear = (front + queSize) % capacity()
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num
|
|
|
queSize += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队 */
|
|
|
@discardableResult
|
|
|
func poll() -> Int {
|
|
|
let num = peek()
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
front = (front + 1) % capacity()
|
|
|
queSize -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func peek() -> Int {
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
fatalError("队列为空")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return nums[front]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组 */
|
|
|
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: queSize)
|
|
|
for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < self.queSize - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[j % capacity()]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array_queue.zig"
|
|
|
// 基于环形数组实现的队列
|
|
|
fn ArrayQueue(comptime T: type) type {
|
|
|
return struct {
|
|
|
const Self = @This();
|
|
|
|
|
|
nums: []T = undefined, // 用于存储队列元素的数组
|
|
|
cap: usize = 0, // 队列容量
|
|
|
front: usize = 0, // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
queSize: usize = 0, // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
|
|
|
mem_arena: ?std.heap.ArenaAllocator = null,
|
|
|
mem_allocator: std.mem.Allocator = undefined, // 内存分配器
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 构造方法(分配内存+初始化数组)
|
|
|
pub fn init(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, cap: usize) !void {
|
|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) {
|
|
|
self.mem_arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(allocator);
|
|
|
self.mem_allocator = self.mem_arena.?.allocator();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
self.cap = cap;
|
|
|
self.nums = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.cap);
|
|
|
std.mem.set(T, self.nums, @as(T, 0));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 析构方法(释放内存)
|
|
|
pub fn deinit(self: *Self) void {
|
|
|
if (self.mem_arena == null) return;
|
|
|
self.mem_arena.?.deinit();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 获取队列的容量
|
|
|
pub fn capacity(self: *Self) usize {
|
|
|
return self.cap;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 获取队列的长度
|
|
|
pub fn size(self: *Self) usize {
|
|
|
return self.queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 判断队列是否为空
|
|
|
pub fn isEmpty(self: *Self) bool {
|
|
|
return self.queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 入队
|
|
|
pub fn push(self: *Self, num: T) !void {
|
|
|
if (self.size() == self.capacity()) {
|
|
|
std.debug.print("队列已满\n", .{});
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 rear 越过数组尾部后回到头部
|
|
|
var rear = (self.front + self.queSize) % self.capacity();
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
self.nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
self.queSize += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 出队
|
|
|
pub fn poll(self: *Self) T {
|
|
|
var num = self.peek();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
|
|
|
self.front = (self.front + 1) % self.capacity();
|
|
|
self.queSize -= 1;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 访问队首元素
|
|
|
pub fn peek(self: *Self) T {
|
|
|
if (self.isEmpty()) @panic("队列为空");
|
|
|
return self.nums[self.front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回数组
|
|
|
pub fn toArray(self: *Self) ![]T {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
var res = try self.mem_allocator.alloc(T, self.size());
|
|
|
std.mem.set(T, res, @as(T, 0));
|
|
|
var i: usize = 0;
|
|
|
var j: usize = self.front;
|
|
|
while (i < self.size()) : ({ i += 1; j += 1; }) {
|
|
|
res[i] = self.nums[j % self.capacity()];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
以上实现的队列仍存在局限性,即长度不可变。不过这个问题很容易解决,我们可以将数组替换为列表(即动态数组),从而引入扩容机制。有兴趣的同学可以尝试自行实现。
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 5.2.3. 两种实现对比
|
|
|
|
|
|
与栈的结论一致,在此不再赘述。
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 5.2.4. 队列典型应用
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **淘宝订单**。购物者下单后,订单就被加入到队列之中,随后系统再根据顺序依次处理队列中的订单。在双十一时,在短时间内会产生海量的订单,如何处理「高并发」则是工程师们需要重点思考的问题。
|
|
|
- **各种待办事项**。任何需要实现“先来后到”的功能,例如打印机的任务队列、餐厅的出餐队列等等。
|