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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 5.3. 双向队列(Deque)
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对于队列,我们只能在头部删除或在尾部添加元素,而「双向队列 Deque」更加灵活,在其头部和尾部都能执行元素添加或删除操作。
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![双向队列的操作](deque.assets/deque_operations.png)
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<p align="center"> Fig. 双向队列的操作 </p>
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## 5.3.1. 双向队列常用操作
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双向队列的常用操作见下表,方法名需根据特定语言来确定。
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<div class="center-table" markdown>
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| 方法名 | 描述 | 时间复杂度 |
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| ------------ | ---------------- | ---------- |
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| pushFirst() | 将元素添加至队首 | $O(1)$ |
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| pushLast() | 将元素添加至队尾 | $O(1)$ |
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| pollFirst() | 删除队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| pollLast() | 删除队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| peekFirst() | 访问队首元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| peekLast() | 访问队尾元素 | $O(1)$ |
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| size() | 获取队列的长度 | $O(1)$ |
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| isEmpty() | 判断队列是否为空 | $O(1)$ |
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</div>
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相同地,我们可以直接使用编程语言实现好的双向队列类。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="deque.java"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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Deque<Integer> deque = new LinkedList<>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.offerLast(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.offerLast(5);
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deque.offerLast(4);
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deque.offerFirst(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.offerFirst(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int peekFirst = deque.peekFirst(); // 队首元素
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int peekLast = deque.peekLast(); // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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int pollFirst = deque.pollFirst(); // 队首元素出队
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int pollLast = deque.pollLast(); // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.size();
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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boolean isEmpty = deque.isEmpty();
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="deque.cpp"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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deque<int> deque;
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.push_back(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.push_back(5);
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deque.push_back(4);
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deque.push_front(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.push_front(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int front = deque.front(); // 队首元素
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int back = deque.back(); // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.pop_front(); // 队首元素出队
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deque.pop_back(); // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.size();
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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bool empty = deque.empty();
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title="deque.py"
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""" 初始化双向队列 """
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duque = deque()
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""" 元素入队 """
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duque.append(2) # 添加至队尾
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duque.append(5)
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duque.append(4)
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duque.appendleft(3) # 添加至队首
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duque.appendleft(1)
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""" 访问元素 """
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front = duque[0] # 队首元素
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rear = duque[-1] # 队尾元素
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""" 元素出队 """
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pop_front = duque.popleft() # 队首元素出队
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pop_rear = duque.pop() # 队尾元素出队
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""" 获取双向队列的长度 """
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size = len(duque)
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""" 判断双向队列是否为空 """
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is_empty = len(duque) == 0
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title="deque_test.go"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// 在 Go 中,将 list 作为双向队列使用
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deque := list.New()
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.PushBack(2) // 添加至队尾
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deque.PushBack(5)
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deque.PushBack(4)
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deque.PushFront(3) // 添加至队首
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deque.PushFront(1)
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/* 访问元素 */
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front := deque.Front() // 队首元素
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rear := deque.Back() // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.Remove(front) // 队首元素出队
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deque.Remove(rear) // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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size := deque.Len()
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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isEmpty := deque.Len() == 0
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title="deque.js"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// JavaScript 没有内置的双端队列,只能把 Array 当作双端队列来使用
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const deque = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.push(2);
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deque.push(5);
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deque.push(4);
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// 请注意,由于是数组,unshift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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deque.unshift(3);
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deque.unshift(1);
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console.log("双向队列 deque = ", deque);
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/* 访问元素 */
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const peekFirst = deque[0];
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console.log("队首元素 peekFirst = " + peekFirst);
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const peekLast = deque[deque.length - 1];
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console.log("队尾元素 peekLast = " + peekLast);
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 请注意,由于是数组,shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const popFront = deque.shift();
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console.log("队首出队元素 popFront = " + popFront + ",队首出队后 deque = " + deque);
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const popBack = deque.pop();
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console.log("队尾出队元素 popBack = " + popBack + ",队尾出队后 deque = " + deque);
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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const size = deque.length;
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console.log("双向队列长度 size = " + size);
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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const isEmpty = size === 0;
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console.log("双向队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title="deque.ts"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// TypeScript 没有内置的双端队列,只能把 Array 当作双端队列来使用
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const deque: number[] = [];
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.push(2);
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deque.push(5);
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deque.push(4);
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// 请注意,由于是数组,unshift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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deque.unshift(3);
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deque.unshift(1);
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console.log("双向队列 deque = ", deque);
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/* 访问元素 */
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const peekFirst: number = deque[0];
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console.log("队首元素 peekFirst = " + peekFirst);
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const peekLast: number = deque[deque.length - 1];
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console.log("队尾元素 peekLast = " + peekLast);
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 请注意,由于是数组,shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
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const popFront: number = deque.shift() as number;
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console.log("队首出队元素 popFront = " + popFront + ",队首出队后 deque = " + deque);
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const popBack: number = deque.pop() as number;
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console.log("队尾出队元素 popBack = " + popBack + ",队尾出队后 deque = " + deque);
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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const size: number = deque.length;
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console.log("双向队列长度 size = " + size);
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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const isEmpty: boolean = size === 0;
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console.log("双向队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title="deque.c"
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="deque.cs"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// 在 C# 中,将链表 LinkedList 看作双向队列来使用
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LinkedList<int> deque = new LinkedList<int>();
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.AddLast(2); // 添加至队尾
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deque.AddLast(5);
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deque.AddLast(4);
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deque.AddFirst(3); // 添加至队首
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deque.AddFirst(1);
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/* 访问元素 */
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int peekFirst = deque.First.Value; // 队首元素
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int peekLast = deque.Last.Value; // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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deque.RemoveFirst(); // 队首元素出队
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deque.RemoveLast(); // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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int size = deque.Count;
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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bool isEmpty = deque.Count == 0;
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title="deque.swift"
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/* 初始化双向队列 */
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// Swift 没有内置的双向队列类,可以把 Array 当作双向队列来使用
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var deque: [Int] = []
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/* 元素入队 */
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deque.append(2) // 添加至队尾
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deque.append(5)
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deque.append(4)
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deque.insert(3, at: 0) // 添加至队首
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deque.insert(1, at: 0)
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/* 访问元素 */
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let peekFirst = deque.first! // 队首元素
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let peekLast = deque.last! // 队尾元素
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/* 元素出队 */
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// 使用 Array 模拟时 pollFirst 的复杂度为 O(n)
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let pollFirst = deque.removeFirst() // 队首元素出队
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let pollLast = deque.removeLast() // 队尾元素出队
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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let size = deque.count
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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let isEmpty = deque.isEmpty
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title="deque.zig"
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```
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## 5.3.2. 双向队列实现 *
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与队列类似,双向队列同样可以使用链表或数组来实现。
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### 基于双向链表的实现
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回忆上节内容,由于可以方便地删除链表头结点(对应出队操作),以及在链表尾结点后添加新结点(对应入队操作),因此我们使用普通单向链表来实现队列。
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而双向队列的头部和尾部都可以执行入队与出队操作,换言之,双向队列的操作是“首尾对称”的,也需要实现另一个对称方向的操作。因此,双向队列需要使用「双向链表」来实现。
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我们将双向链表的头结点和尾结点分别看作双向队列的队首和队尾,并且实现在两端都能添加与删除结点。
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=== "LinkedListDeque"
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![基于链表实现双向队列的入队出队操作](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque.png)
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=== "pushLast()"
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![linkedlist_deque_push_last](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_push_last.png)
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=== "pushFirst()"
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![linkedlist_deque_push_first](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_push_first.png)
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=== "pollLast()"
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![linkedlist_deque_poll_last](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_poll_last.png)
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=== "pollFirst()"
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![linkedlist_deque_poll_first](deque.assets/linkedlist_deque_poll_first.png)
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以下是具体实现代码。
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=== "Java"
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```java title="linkedlist_deque.java"
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/* 双向链表结点 */
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class ListNode {
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int val; // 结点值
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ListNode next; // 后继结点引用(指针)
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ListNode prev; // 前驱结点引用(指针)
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ListNode(int val) {
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this.val = val;
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prev = next = null;
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}
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}
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/* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
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class LinkedListDeque {
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private ListNode front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
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private int size = 0; // 双向队列的长度
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public LinkedListDeque() {
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front = rear = null;
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}
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/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
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public int size() {
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return size;
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}
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/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
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public boolean isEmpty() {
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return size() == 0;
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}
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/* 入队操作 */
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private void push(int num, boolean isFront) {
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ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
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// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
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if (isEmpty())
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front = rear = node;
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// 队首入队操作
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else if (isFront) {
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// 将 node 添加至链表头部
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front.prev = node;
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node.next = front;
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front = node; // 更新头结点
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// 队尾入队操作
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} else {
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// 将 node 添加至链表尾部
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rear.next = node;
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node.prev = rear;
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rear = node; // 更新尾结点
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}
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size++; // 更新队列长度
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}
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/* 队首入队 */
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public void pushFirst(int num) {
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push(num, true);
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}
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/* 队尾入队 */
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public void pushLast(int num) {
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push(num, false);
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}
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/* 出队操作 */
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private Integer poll(boolean isFront) {
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// 若队列为空,直接返回 null
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if (isEmpty())
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return null;
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int val;
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// 队首出队操作
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if (isFront) {
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val = front.val; // 暂存头结点值
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|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
ListNode fNext = front.next;
|
|
|
if (fNext != null) {
|
|
|
fNext.prev = null;
|
|
|
front.next = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
front = fNext; // 更新头结点
|
|
|
// 队尾出队操作
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
val = rear.val; // 暂存尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除尾结点
|
|
|
ListNode rPrev = rear.prev;
|
|
|
if (rPrev != null) {
|
|
|
rPrev.next = null;
|
|
|
rear.prev = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
rear = rPrev; // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
size--; // 更新队列长度
|
|
|
return val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队 */
|
|
|
public Integer pollFirst() {
|
|
|
return poll(true);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队 */
|
|
|
public Integer pollLast() {
|
|
|
return poll(false);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
public Integer peekFirst() {
|
|
|
return isEmpty() ? null : front.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
public Integer peekLast() {
|
|
|
return isEmpty() ? null : rear.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组用于打印 */
|
|
|
public int[] toArray() {
|
|
|
ListNode node = front;
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[size()];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
|
|
|
res[i] = node.val;
|
|
|
node = node.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="linkedlist_deque.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="linkedlist_deque.py"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="linkedlist_deque.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="linkedlist_deque.js"
|
|
|
/* 双向链表结点 */
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
prev; // 前驱结点引用 (指针)
|
|
|
next; // 后继结点引用 (指针)
|
|
|
val; // 结点值
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(val) {
|
|
|
this.val = val;
|
|
|
this.next = null;
|
|
|
this.prev = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListDeque {
|
|
|
front; // 头结点 front
|
|
|
rear; // 尾结点 rear
|
|
|
len; // 双向队列的长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.front = null;
|
|
|
this.rear = null;
|
|
|
this.len = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾入队操作 */
|
|
|
pushLast(val) {
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(val);
|
|
|
// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
this.front = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表尾部
|
|
|
this.rear.next = node;
|
|
|
node.prev = this.rear;
|
|
|
this.rear = node; // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.len++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首入队操作 */
|
|
|
pushFirst(val) {
|
|
|
const node = new ListNode(val);
|
|
|
// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
this.front = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表头部
|
|
|
this.front.prev = node;
|
|
|
node.next = this.front;
|
|
|
this.front = node; // 更新头结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.len++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队操作 */
|
|
|
pollLast() {
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const value = this.rear.val; // 存储尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除尾结点
|
|
|
let temp = this.rear.prev;
|
|
|
if (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
temp.next = null;
|
|
|
this.rear.prev = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.rear = temp; // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
this.len--;
|
|
|
return value;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队操作 */
|
|
|
pollFirst() {
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const value = this.front.val; // 存储尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
let temp = this.front.next;
|
|
|
if (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
temp.prev = null;
|
|
|
this.front.next = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.front = temp; // 更新头结点
|
|
|
this.len--;
|
|
|
return value;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
peekLast() {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0 ? null : this.rear.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peekFirst() {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0 ? null : this.front.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
|
|
|
size() {
|
|
|
return this.len;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印双向队列 */
|
|
|
print() {
|
|
|
const arr = [];
|
|
|
let temp = this.front;
|
|
|
while (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
arr.push(temp.val);
|
|
|
temp = temp.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
console.log("[" + arr.join(", ") + "]");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="linkedlist_deque.ts"
|
|
|
/* 双向链表结点 */
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
prev: ListNode; // 前驱结点引用 (指针)
|
|
|
next: ListNode; // 后继结点引用 (指针)
|
|
|
val: number; // 结点值
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(val: number) {
|
|
|
this.val = val;
|
|
|
this.next = null;
|
|
|
this.prev = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListDeque {
|
|
|
front: ListNode; // 头结点 front
|
|
|
rear: ListNode; // 尾结点 rear
|
|
|
len: number; // 双向队列的长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.front = null;
|
|
|
this.rear = null;
|
|
|
this.len = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾入队操作 */
|
|
|
pushLast(val: number): void {
|
|
|
const node: ListNode = new ListNode(val);
|
|
|
// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
this.front = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表尾部
|
|
|
this.rear.next = node;
|
|
|
node.prev = this.rear;
|
|
|
this.rear = node; // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.len++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首入队操作 */
|
|
|
pushFirst(val: number): void {
|
|
|
const node: ListNode = new ListNode(val);
|
|
|
// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
this.front = node;
|
|
|
this.rear = node;
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表头部
|
|
|
this.front.prev = node;
|
|
|
node.next = this.front;
|
|
|
this.front = node; // 更新头结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.len++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队操作 */
|
|
|
pollLast(): number {
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const value: number = this.rear.val; // 存储尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除尾结点
|
|
|
let temp: ListNode = this.rear.prev;
|
|
|
if (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
temp.next = null;
|
|
|
this.rear.prev = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.rear = temp; // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
this.len--;
|
|
|
return value;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队操作 */
|
|
|
pollFirst(): number {
|
|
|
if (this.len === 0) {
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const value: number = this.front.val; // 存储尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
let temp: ListNode = this.front.next;
|
|
|
if (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
temp.prev = null;
|
|
|
this.front.next = null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
this.front = temp; // 更新头结点
|
|
|
this.len--;
|
|
|
return value;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
peekLast(): number {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0 ? null : this.rear.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
peekFirst(): number {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0 ? null : this.front.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
|
|
|
size(): number {
|
|
|
return this.len;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
isEmpty(): boolean {
|
|
|
return this.len === 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 打印双向队列 */
|
|
|
print(): void {
|
|
|
const arr: number[] = [];
|
|
|
let temp: ListNode = this.front;
|
|
|
while (temp !== null) {
|
|
|
arr.push(temp.val);
|
|
|
temp = temp.next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
console.log("[" + arr.join(", ") + "]");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="linkedlist_deque.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="linkedlist_deque.cs"
|
|
|
[class]{ListNode}-[func]{}
|
|
|
|
|
|
[class]{LinkedListDeque}-[func]{}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="linkedlist_deque.swift"
|
|
|
/* 双向链表结点 */
|
|
|
class ListNode {
|
|
|
var val: Int // 结点值
|
|
|
var next: ListNode? // 后继结点引用(指针)
|
|
|
var prev: ListNode? // 前驱结点引用(指针)
|
|
|
|
|
|
init(val: Int) {
|
|
|
self.val = val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 基于双向链表实现的双向队列 */
|
|
|
class LinkedListDeque {
|
|
|
private var front: ListNode? // 头结点 front
|
|
|
private var rear: ListNode? // 尾结点 rear
|
|
|
private var queSize: Int // 双向队列的长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
queSize = 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func size() -> Int {
|
|
|
queSize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
|
|
size() == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 入队操作 */
|
|
|
private func push(num: Int, isFront: Bool) {
|
|
|
let node = ListNode(val: num)
|
|
|
// 若链表为空,则令 front, rear 都指向 node
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
front = node
|
|
|
rear = node
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 队首入队操作
|
|
|
else if isFront {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表头部
|
|
|
front?.prev = node
|
|
|
node.next = front
|
|
|
front = node // 更新头结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 队尾入队操作
|
|
|
else {
|
|
|
// 将 node 添加至链表尾部
|
|
|
rear?.next = node
|
|
|
node.prev = rear
|
|
|
rear = node // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
queSize += 1 // 更新队列长度
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首入队 */
|
|
|
func pushFirst(num: Int) {
|
|
|
push(num: num, isFront: true)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾入队 */
|
|
|
func pushLast(num: Int) {
|
|
|
push(num: num, isFront: false)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 出队操作 */
|
|
|
private func poll(isFront: Bool) -> Int {
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
fatalError("双向队列为空")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
let val: Int
|
|
|
// 队首出队操作
|
|
|
if isFront {
|
|
|
val = front!.val // 暂存头结点值
|
|
|
// 删除头结点
|
|
|
let fNext = front?.next
|
|
|
if fNext != nil {
|
|
|
fNext?.prev = nil
|
|
|
front?.next = nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
front = fNext // 更新头结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 队尾出队操作
|
|
|
else {
|
|
|
val = rear!.val // 暂存尾结点值
|
|
|
// 删除尾结点
|
|
|
let rPrev = rear?.prev
|
|
|
if rPrev != nil {
|
|
|
rPrev?.next = nil
|
|
|
rear?.prev = nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
rear = rPrev // 更新尾结点
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
queSize -= 1 // 更新队列长度
|
|
|
return val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队 */
|
|
|
func pollFirst() -> Int {
|
|
|
poll(isFront: true)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队 */
|
|
|
func pollLast() -> Int {
|
|
|
poll(isFront: false)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func peekFirst() -> Int? {
|
|
|
isEmpty() ? nil : front?.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
func peekLast() -> Int? {
|
|
|
isEmpty() ? nil : rear?.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组用于打印 */
|
|
|
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
|
|
var node = front
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
|
|
|
for i in res.indices {
|
|
|
res[i] = node!.val
|
|
|
node = node?.next
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="linkedlist_deque.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 基于数组的实现
|
|
|
|
|
|
与基于数组实现队列类似,我们也可以使用环形数组来实现双向队列。在实现队列的基础上,增加实现“队首入队”和“队尾出队”方法即可。
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "ArrayDeque"
|
|
|
![基于数组实现双向队列的入队出队操作](deque.assets/array_deque.png)
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|
|
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|
=== "pushLast()"
|
|
|
![array_deque_push_last](deque.assets/array_deque_push_last.png)
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|
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|
=== "pushFirst()"
|
|
|
![array_deque_push_first](deque.assets/array_deque_push_first.png)
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|
=== "pollLast()"
|
|
|
![array_deque_poll_last](deque.assets/array_deque_poll_last.png)
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|
|
|
=== "pollFirst()"
|
|
|
![array_deque_poll_first](deque.assets/array_deque_poll_first.png)
|
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|
|
|
|
以下是具体实现代码。
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|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
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|
|
|
|
```java title="array_deque.java"
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|
/* 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayDeque {
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|
private int[] nums; // 用于存储双向队列元素的数组
|
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|
private int front; // 队首指针,指向队首元素
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|
private int queSize; // 双向队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
public ArrayDeque(int capacity) {
|
|
|
this.nums = new int[capacity];
|
|
|
front = queSize = 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的容量 */
|
|
|
public int capacity() {
|
|
|
return nums.length;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
|
|
|
public int size() {
|
|
|
return queSize;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
public boolean isEmpty() {
|
|
|
return queSize == 0;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 计算环形数组索引 */
|
|
|
private int index(int i) {
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作实现数组首尾相连
|
|
|
// 当 i 越过数组尾部后,回到头部
|
|
|
// 当 i 越过数组头部后,回到尾部
|
|
|
return (i + capacity()) % capacity();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首入队 */
|
|
|
public void pushFirst(int num) {
|
|
|
if (queSize == capacity()) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("双向队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 队首指针向左移动一位
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 front 越过数组头部后回到尾部
|
|
|
front = index(front - 1);
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队首
|
|
|
nums[front] = num;
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾入队 */
|
|
|
public void pushLast(int num) {
|
|
|
if (queSize == capacity()) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("双向队列已满");
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
int rear = index(front + queSize);
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num;
|
|
|
queSize++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队 */
|
|
|
public int pollFirst() {
|
|
|
int num = peekFirst();
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位
|
|
|
front = index(front + 1);
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队 */
|
|
|
public int pollLast() {
|
|
|
int num = peekLast();
|
|
|
queSize--;
|
|
|
return num;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
public int peekFirst() {
|
|
|
if (isEmpty())
|
|
|
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
|
|
return nums[front];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
public int peekLast() {
|
|
|
if (isEmpty())
|
|
|
throw new EmptyStackException();
|
|
|
// 计算尾元素索引
|
|
|
int last = index(front + queSize - 1);
|
|
|
return nums[last];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组用于打印 */
|
|
|
public int[] toArray() {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[queSize];
|
|
|
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < queSize; i++, j++) {
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[index(j)];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array_deque.cpp"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array_deque.py"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array_deque.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js title="array_deque.js"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array_deque.ts"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array_deque.c"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array_deque.cs"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="array_deque.swift"
|
|
|
/* 基于环形数组实现的双向队列 */
|
|
|
class ArrayDeque {
|
|
|
private var nums: [Int] // 用于存储双向队列元素的数组
|
|
|
private var front: Int // 队首指针,指向队首元素
|
|
|
private var queSize: Int // 双向队列长度
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 构造方法 */
|
|
|
init(capacity: Int) {
|
|
|
nums = Array(repeating: 0, count: capacity)
|
|
|
front = 0
|
|
|
queSize = 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的容量 */
|
|
|
func capacity() -> Int {
|
|
|
nums.count
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
|
|
|
func size() -> Int {
|
|
|
queSize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
|
|
|
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
|
|
|
size() == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 计算环形数组索引 */
|
|
|
private func index(i: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作实现数组首尾相连
|
|
|
// 当 i 越过数组尾部后,回到头部
|
|
|
// 当 i 越过数组头部后,回到尾部
|
|
|
(i + capacity()) % capacity()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首入队 */
|
|
|
func pushFirst(num: Int) {
|
|
|
if size() == capacity() {
|
|
|
print("双向队列已满")
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 队首指针向左移动一位
|
|
|
// 通过取余操作,实现 front 越过数组头部后回到尾部
|
|
|
front = index(i: front - 1)
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队首
|
|
|
nums[front] = num
|
|
|
queSize += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾入队 */
|
|
|
func pushLast(num: Int) {
|
|
|
if size() == capacity() {
|
|
|
print("双向队列已满")
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾指针,指向队尾索引 + 1
|
|
|
let rear = index(i: front + size())
|
|
|
// 将 num 添加至队尾
|
|
|
nums[rear] = num
|
|
|
queSize += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队首出队 */
|
|
|
func pollFirst() -> Int {
|
|
|
let num = peekFirst()
|
|
|
// 队首指针向后移动一位
|
|
|
front = index(i: front + 1)
|
|
|
queSize -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 队尾出队 */
|
|
|
func pollLast() -> Int {
|
|
|
let num = peekLast()
|
|
|
queSize -= 1
|
|
|
return num
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队首元素 */
|
|
|
func peekFirst() -> Int {
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
fatalError("双向队列为空")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return nums[front]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 访问队尾元素 */
|
|
|
func peekLast() -> Int {
|
|
|
if isEmpty() {
|
|
|
fatalError("双向队列为空")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 计算尾元素索引
|
|
|
let last = index(i: front + size() - 1)
|
|
|
return nums[last]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 返回数组用于打印 */
|
|
|
func toArray() -> [Int] {
|
|
|
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
|
|
|
var res = Array(repeating: 0, count: size())
|
|
|
for (i, j) in sequence(first: (0, front), next: { $0 < self.size() - 1 ? ($0 + 1, $1 + 1) : nil }) {
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[index(i: j)]
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="array_deque.zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|