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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.5 17c-.14 0-.26 0-.39.04L17.5 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5c-.14 0-.25 0-.4.04L13.74 6.3c.47-.46.76-1.09.76-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0c0 .7.29 1.34.76 1.79L8.65 9.54c-.15-.04-.26-.04-.4-.04a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5c0 .71.29 1.34.75 1.79l-1.61 3.25C4.76 17 4.64 17 4.5 17a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 19.5c0-.7-.29-1.34-.76-1.79l1.62-3.25c.14.04.26.04.39.04s.25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 17c-.13 0-.26 0-.39.04L10 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8 0-.7-.29-1.33-.75-1.79l1.61-3.25c.13.04.26.04.39.04s.26 0 .39-.04L14 10.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.75 4.29c.13 0 .25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5m-15 3.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1m8.5-1c0 .55-.45 1-1 1s-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1M7.25 12c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1M11 4.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m3.75 7.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m4.75 8.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1Z"/></svg>
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Chapter 7. Tree
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Chapter 7. Tree
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7.1 Binary tree
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7.2 Binary tree traversal
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7.3 Array Representation of tree
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7.4 Binary Search tree
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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7.5 AVL tree *
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</a>
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7.6 Summary
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 8. Heap
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 8. Heap
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.1 Heap
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.2 Building a heap
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.3 Top-k problem
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.4 Summary
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</span>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 9. Graph
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 9. Graph
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.1 Graph
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.2 Basic graph operations
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 Graph traversal
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.4 Summary
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</span>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 10. Searching
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 10. Searching
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.1 Binary search
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.2 Binary search insertion
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.3 Binary search boundaries
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.4 Hashing optimization strategies
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.5 Search algorithms revisited
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.6 Summary
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 11. Sorting
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 11. Sorting
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.1 Sorting algorithms
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.2 Selection sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.3 Bubble sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.4 Insertion sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.5 Quick sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.6 Merge sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.7 Heap sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.8 Bucket sort
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.9 Counting sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.10 Radix sort
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.11 Summary
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 12. Divide and conquer
|
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 12. Divide and conquer
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.1 Divide and conquer algorithms
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.2 Divide and conquer search strategy
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.3 Building binary tree problem
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12.4 Tower of Hanoi Problem
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12.5 Summary
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Chapter 13. Backtracking
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Chapter 13. Backtracking
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.1 Backtracking algorithms
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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13.2 Permutation problem
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.3 Subset sum problem
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.4 n queens problem
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.5 Summary
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</span>
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</a>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<h1 id="31-classification-of-data-structures">3.1 Classification of data structures<a class="headerlink" href="#31-classification-of-data-structures" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, hash tables, trees, heaps, and graphs. They can be classified into "logical structure" and "physical structure".</p>
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<h2 id="311-logical-structure-linear-and-non-linear">3.1.1 Logical structure: linear and non-linear<a class="headerlink" href="#311-logical-structure-linear-and-non-linear" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p><strong>The logical structures reveal the logical relationships between data elements</strong>. In arrays and linked lists, data are arranged in a specific sequence, demonstrating the linear relationship between data; while in trees, data are arranged hierarchically from the top down, showing the derived relationship between "ancestors" and "descendants"; and graphs are composed of nodes and edges, reflecting the intricate network relationship.</p>
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<p>As shown in Figure 3-1, logical structures can be divided into two major categories: "linear" and "non-linear". Linear structures are more intuitive, indicating data is arranged linearly in logical relationships; non-linear structures, conversely, are arranged non-linearly.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>Linear data structures</strong>: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Hash Tables.</li>
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<li><strong>Non-linear data structures</strong>: Trees, Heaps, Graphs, Hash Tables.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_logic_structure.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Linear and non-linear data structures" class="animation-figure" src="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_logic_structure.png" /></a></p>
|
|
<p align="center"> Figure 3-1 Linear and non-linear data structures </p>
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|
|
<p>Non-linear data structures can be further divided into tree structures and network structures.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>Linear structures</strong>: Arrays, linked lists, queues, stacks, and hash tables, where elements have a one-to-one sequential relationship.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Tree structures</strong>: Trees, Heaps, Hash Tables, where elements have a one-to-many relationship.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Network structures</strong>: Graphs, where elements have a many-to-many relationships.</li>
|
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</ul>
|
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<h2 id="312-physical-structure-contiguous-and-dispersed">3.1.2 Physical structure: contiguous and dispersed<a class="headerlink" href="#312-physical-structure-contiguous-and-dispersed" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p><strong>During the execution of an algorithm, the data being processed is stored in memory</strong>. Figure 3-2 shows a computer memory stick where each black square is a physical memory space. We can think of memory as a vast Excel spreadsheet, with each cell capable of storing a certain amount of data.</p>
|
|
<p><strong>The system accesses the data at the target location by means of a memory address</strong>. As shown in Figure 3-2, the computer assigns a unique identifier to each cell in the table according to specific rules, ensuring that each memory space has a unique memory address. With these addresses, the program can access the data stored in memory.</p>
|
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/computer_memory_location.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Memory stick, memory spaces, memory addresses" class="animation-figure" src="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/computer_memory_location.png" /></a></p>
|
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<p align="center"> Figure 3-2 Memory stick, memory spaces, memory addresses </p>
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<div class="admonition tip">
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
|
|
<p>It's worth noting that comparing memory to an Excel spreadsheet is a simplified analogy. The actual working mechanism of memory is more complex, involving concepts like address space, memory management, cache mechanisms, virtual memory, and physical memory.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Memory is a shared resource for all programs. When a block of memory is occupied by one program, it cannot be simultaneously used by other programs. <strong>Therefore, considering memory resources is crucial in designing data structures and algorithms</strong>. For instance, the algorithm's peak memory usage should not exceed the remaining free memory of the system; if there is a lack of contiguous memory blocks, then the data structure chosen must be able to be stored in non-contiguous memory blocks.</p>
|
|
<p>As illustrated in Figure 3-3, <strong>the physical structure reflects the way data is stored in computer memory</strong> and it can be divided into contiguous space storage (arrays) and non-contiguous space storage (linked lists). The two types of physical structures exhibit complementary characteristics in terms of time efficiency and space efficiency.</p>
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_phisical_structure.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="Contiguous space storage and dispersed space storage" class="animation-figure" src="../classification_of_data_structure.assets/classification_phisical_structure.png" /></a></p>
|
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<p align="center"> Figure 3-3 Contiguous space storage and dispersed space storage </p>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>It is worth noting that all data structures are implemented based on arrays, linked lists, or a combination of both</strong>. For example, stacks and queues can be implemented using either arrays or linked lists; while implementations of hash tables may involve both arrays and linked lists.
|
|
- <strong>Array-based implementations</strong>: Stacks, Queues, Hash Tables, Trees, Heaps, Graphs, Matrices, Tensors (arrays with dimensions <span class="arithmatex">\(\geq 3\)</span>).
|
|
- <strong>Linked-list-based implementations</strong>: Stacks, Queues, Hash Tables, Trees, Heaps, Graphs, etc.</p>
|
|
<p>Data structures implemented based on arrays are also called “Static Data Structures,” meaning their length cannot be changed after initialization. Conversely, those based on linked lists are called “Dynamic Data Structures,” which can still adjust their size during program execution.</p>
|
|
<div class="admonition tip">
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
|
|
<p>If you find it challenging to comprehend the physical structure, it is recommended that you read the next chapter, "Arrays and Linked Lists," and revisit this section later.</p>
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</div>
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