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<h1 id="75">7.5. &nbsp; 小结<a class="headerlink" href="#75" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h3 id="_1">二叉树<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>二叉树是一种非线性数据结构,代表着“一分为二”的分治逻辑。二叉树的结点包含「值」和两个「指针」,分别指向左子结点和右子结点。</li>
<li>选定二叉树中某结点,将其左(右)子结点以下形成的树称为左(右)子树。</li>
<li>二叉树的术语较多,包括根结点、叶结点、层、度、边、高度、深度等。</li>
<li>二叉树的初始化、结点插入、结点删除操作与链表的操作方法类似。</li>
<li>常见的二叉树类型包括完美二叉树、完全二叉树、完满二叉树、平衡二叉树。完美二叉树是理想状态,链表则是退化后的最差状态。</li>
<li>二叉树可以使用数组表示,具体做法是将结点值和空位按照层序遍历的顺序排列,并基于父结点和子结点之间的索引映射公式实现指针。</li>
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<h3 id="_2">二叉树遍历<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
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<li>二叉树层序遍历是一种广度优先搜索,体现着“一圈一圈向外”的层进式遍历方式,通常借助队列来实现。</li>
<li>前序、中序、后序遍历是深度优先搜索,体现着“走到头、再回头继续”的回溯遍历方式,通常使用递归实现。</li>
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<h3 id="_3">二叉搜索树<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>二叉搜索树是一种高效的元素查找数据结构,查找、插入、删除操作的时间复杂度皆为 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(\log n)\)</span> 。二叉搜索树退化为链表后,各项时间复杂度劣化至 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n)\)</span> ,因此如何避免退化是非常重要的课题。</li>
<li>AVL 树又称平衡二叉搜索树,其通过旋转操作,使得在不断插入与删除结点后,仍然可以保持二叉树的平衡(不退化)。</li>
<li>AVL 树的旋转操作分为右旋、左旋、先右旋后左旋、先左旋后右旋。在插入或删除结点后AVL 树会从底至顶地执行旋转操作,使树恢复平衡。</li>
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