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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/" class="md-nav__link ">
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第 2 章 複雜度分析
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 2 章 複雜度分析
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/performance_evaluation/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.1 演算法效率評估
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</span>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.2 迭代與遞迴
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.3 時間複雜度
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/space_complexity/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.4 空間複雜度
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_computational_complexity/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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2.5 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../" class="md-nav__link ">
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第 3 章 資料結構
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 3 章 資料結構
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../classification_of_data_structure/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.1 資料結構分類
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../basic_data_types/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.2 基本資料型別
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
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3.3 數字編碼 *
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3 數字編碼 *
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目錄">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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目錄
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#331" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3.1 原碼、一補數和二補數
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#332" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.3.2 浮點數編碼
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../character_encoding/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.4 字元編碼 *
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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3.5 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 4 章 陣列與鏈結串列
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 4 章 陣列與鏈結串列
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/array/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.1 陣列
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/linked_list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.2 鏈結串列
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.3 串列
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/ram_and_cache/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.4 記憶體與快取 *
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</span>
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<span class="md-status md-status--new" title="最近新增">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_array_and_linkedlist/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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4.5 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.36 20.2v-5.38h1.79V22H3v-7.18h1.8v5.38h12.56M6.77 14.32l.37-1.76 8.79 1.85-.37 1.76-8.79-1.85m1.16-4.21.76-1.61 8.14 3.78-.76 1.62-8.14-3.79m2.26-3.99 1.15-1.38 6.9 5.76-1.15 1.37-6.9-5.75m4.45-4.25L20 9.08l-1.44 1.07-5.36-7.21 1.44-1.07M6.59 18.41v-1.8h8.98v1.8H6.59Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 5 章 堆疊與佇列
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 5 章 堆疊與佇列
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/stack/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.1 堆疊
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/queue/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.2 佇列
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/deque/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.3 雙向佇列
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_stack_and_queue/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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5.4 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.3 17.89c1.32-2.1.7-4.89-1.41-6.21a4.52 4.52 0 0 0-6.21 1.41C10.36 15.2 11 18 13.09 19.3c1.47.92 3.33.92 4.8 0L21 22.39 22.39 21l-3.09-3.11m-2-.62c-.98.98-2.56.97-3.54 0-.97-.98-.97-2.56.01-3.54.97-.97 2.55-.97 3.53 0 .96.99.95 2.57-.03 3.54h.03M19 4H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h5.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1-1.31-2H5v-4h4.18c.16-.71.43-1.39.82-2H5V8h6v2.81a6.3 6.3 0 0 1 2-1.31V8h6v2a6.499 6.499 0 0 1 2 2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 6 章 雜湊表
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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|
第 6 章 雜湊表
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_map/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.1 雜湊表
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_collision/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.2 雜湊衝突
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.3 雜湊演算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_hashing/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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6.4 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.5 17c-.14 0-.26 0-.39.04L17.5 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5c-.14 0-.25 0-.4.04L13.74 6.3c.47-.46.76-1.09.76-1.8a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0c0 .7.29 1.34.76 1.79L8.65 9.54c-.15-.04-.26-.04-.4-.04a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5c0 .71.29 1.34.75 1.79l-1.61 3.25C4.76 17 4.64 17 4.5 17a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 19.5c0-.7-.29-1.34-.76-1.79l1.62-3.25c.14.04.26.04.39.04s.25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 17c-.13 0-.26 0-.39.04L10 13.8c.45-.45.75-1.09.75-1.8 0-.7-.29-1.33-.75-1.79l1.61-3.25c.13.04.26.04.39.04s.26 0 .39-.04L14 10.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.75 4.29c.13 0 .25 0 .38-.04l1.63 3.25c-.47.45-.76 1.09-.76 1.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5-2.5m-15 3.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1m8.5-1c0 .55-.45 1-1 1s-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1M7.25 12c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1M11 4.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m3.75 7.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1s1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1m4.75 8.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 7 章 樹
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 7 章 樹
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.1 二元樹
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_tree_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.2 二元樹走訪
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/array_representation_of_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.3 二元樹陣列表示
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/binary_search_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.4 二元搜尋樹
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/avl_tree/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.5 AVL *
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_tree/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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7.6 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-2.5 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 5.79V7H7a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 5 14.29V15H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 .5 20.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 3 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4 18.21V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 9 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H7v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 8.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 7 9.71V9h10v.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15.5 12a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5 2.29V15h-1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 15 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17h4v1.21a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5 2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 21 23a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0-1.5-2.29V17a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v-.71A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 20.5 12 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19 9.71V9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-4V5.79a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 1.5-2.29A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 12 1m0 1.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M6 11a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m12 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1M3 19.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1m6 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 0 0 1-1-1 1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 8 章 堆積
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 8 章 堆積
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.1 堆積
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/build_heap/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.2 建堆積操作
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/top_k/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.3 Top-k 問題
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_heap/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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8.4 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 5.37-.44-.06L6 14.9c.24.21.4.48.47.78h11.06c.07-.3.23-.57.47-.78l-5.56-9.59-.44.06M6.6 16.53l4.28 2.53c.29-.27.69-.43 1.12-.43.43 0 .83.16 1.12.43l4.28-2.53H6.6M12 22a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68l.09-.56-4.3-2.55c-.31.36-.76.58-1.27.58a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68-1.68c0-.79.53-1.45 1.26-1.64V9.36c-.83-.11-1.47-.82-1.47-1.68A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 4.63 6c.55 0 1.03.26 1.34.66l4.41-2.53-.06-.45c0-.93.75-1.68 1.68-1.68.93 0 1.68.75 1.68 1.68l-.06.45 4.41 2.53c.31-.4.79-.66 1.34-.66a1.68 1.68 0 0 1 1.68 1.68c0 .86-.64 1.57-1.47 1.68v5.11c.73.19 1.26.85 1.26 1.64a1.68 1.68 0 0 1-1.68 1.68c-.51 0-.96-.22-1.27-.58l-4.3 2.55.09.56A1.68 1.68 0 0 1 12 22M10.8 4.86 6.3 7.44l.02.24c0 .71-.44 1.32-1.06 1.57l.03 5.25 5.51-9.64m2.4 0 5.51 9.64.03-5.25c-.62-.25-1.06-.86-1.06-1.57l.02-.24-4.5-2.58Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 9 章 圖
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 9 章 圖
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.1 圖
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_operations/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.2 圖基礎操作
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/graph_traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.3 圖的走訪
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_graph/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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9.4 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.31 18.9 3.08 3.1L21 23.39l-3.12-3.07c-.69.43-1.51.68-2.38.68-2.5 0-4.5-2-4.5-4.5s2-4.5 4.5-4.5 4.5 2 4.5 4.5c0 .88-.25 1.71-.69 2.4m-3.81.1a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0-5 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 5M21 4v2H3V4h18M3 16v-2h6v2H3m0-5V9h18v2h-2.03c-1.01-.63-2.2-1-3.47-1s-2.46.37-3.47 1H3Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 10 章 搜尋
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 10 章 搜尋
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.1 二分搜尋
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_insertion/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.2 二分搜尋插入點
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/binary_search_edge/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.3 二分搜尋邊界
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/replace_linear_by_hashing/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.4 雜湊最佳化策略
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/searching_algorithm_revisited/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.5 重識搜尋演算法
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_searching/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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10.6 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 17h3l-4 4-4-4h3V3h2M2 17h10v2H2M6 5v2H2V5m0 6h7v2H2v-2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 11 章 排序
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 11 章 排序
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/sorting_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.1 排序演算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/selection_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.2 選擇排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bubble_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.3 泡沫排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/insertion_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.4 插入排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/quick_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.5 快速排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/merge_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.6 合併排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/heap_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.7 堆積排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/bucket_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.8 桶排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/counting_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.9 計數排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/radix_sort/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.10 基數排序
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_sorting/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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11.11 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 7v2h5V7h-5M2 9v6h5V9H2m10 0v2H9v2h3v2l3-3-3-3m5 2v2h5v-2h-5m0 4v2h5v-2h-5Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 12 章 分治
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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|
第 12 章 分治
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/divide_and_conquer/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.1 分治演算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/binary_search_recur/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.2 分治搜尋策略
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.3 構建樹問題
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/hanota_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.4 河內塔問題
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_divide_and_conquer/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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12.5 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
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<div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/" class="md-nav__link ">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 15a3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1-3 3 2.99 2.99 0 0 1-2.83-2H14v-2h1.17c.41-1.17 1.52-2 2.83-2m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m0-9a1.43 1.43 0 0 0 1.43-1.43 1.43 1.43 0 1 0-2.86 0A1.43 1.43 0 0 0 18 8m0-5.43a4 4 0 0 1 4 4C22 9.56 18 14 18 14s-4-4.44-4-7.43a4 4 0 0 1 4-4M8.83 17H10v2H8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 6 21a3 3 0 0 1-3-3c0-1.31.83-2.42 2-2.83V14h2v1.17c.85.3 1.53.98 1.83 1.83M6 17a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1M6 3a3 3 0 0 1 3 3c0 1.31-.83 2.42-2 2.83V10H5V8.83A2.99 2.99 0 0 1 3 6a3 3 0 0 1 3-3m0 2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 0 0 0-1-1m5 14v-2h2v2h-2m-4-6H5v-2h2v2Z"/></svg>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 13 章 回溯
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</span>
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</a>
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<label class="md-nav__link " for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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</div>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
|
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|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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|
第 13 章 回溯
|
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/backtracking_algorithm/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.1 回溯演算法
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.2 全排列問題
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/subset_sum_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.3 子集和問題
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/n_queens_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.4 N 皇后問題
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_backtracking/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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13.5 小結
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 14 章 動態規劃
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 14 章 動態規劃
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/intro_to_dynamic_programming/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.1 初探動態規劃
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_problem_features/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.2 DP 問題特性
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/dp_solution_pipeline/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.3 DP 解題思路
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.4 0-1 背包問題
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/unbounded_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.5 完全背包問題
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/edit_distance_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.6 編輯距離問題
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_dynamic_programming/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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14.7 小結
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 15 章 貪婪
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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第 15 章 貪婪
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.1 貪婪演算法
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/fractional_knapsack_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.2 分數背包問題
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</span>
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</a>
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_capacity_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.3 最大容量問題
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</span>
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/max_product_cutting_problem/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.4 最大切分乘積問題
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</span>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../chapter_greedy/summary/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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15.5 小結
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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第 16 章 附錄
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</span>
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</a>
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第 16 章 附錄
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16.1 程式設計環境安裝
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</span>
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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16.2 一起參與創作
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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16.3 術語表
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3.3.1 原碼、一補數和二補數
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3.3.2 浮點數編碼
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<h1 id="33">3.3 數字編碼 *<a class="headerlink" href="#33" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>在本書中，標題帶有 * 符號的是選讀章節。如果你時間有限或感到理解困難，可以先跳過，等學完必讀章節後再單獨攻克。</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="331">3.3.1 原碼、一補數和二補數<a class="headerlink" href="#331" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
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<p>在上一節的表格中我們發現，所有整數型別能夠表示的負數都比正數多一個，例如 <code>byte</code> 的取值範圍是 <span class="arithmatex">\([-128, 127]\)</span> 。這個現象比較反直覺，它的內在原因涉及原碼、一補數、二補數的相關知識。</p>
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<p>首先需要指出，<strong>數字是以“二補數”的形式儲存在計算機中的</strong>。在分析這樣做的原因之前，首先給出三者的定義。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>原碼</strong>：我們將數字的二進位制表示的最高位視為符號位，其中 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> 表示正數，<span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 表示負數，其餘位表示數字的值。</li>
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<li><strong>一補數</strong>：正數的一補數與其原碼相同，負數的一補數是對其原碼除符號位外的所有位取反。</li>
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<li><strong>二補數</strong>：正數的二補數與其原碼相同，負數的二補數是在其一補數的基礎上加 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>圖 3-4 展示了原碼、一補數和二補數之間的轉換方法。</p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../number_encoding.assets/1s_2s_complement.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="原碼、一補數與二補數之間的相互轉換" class="animation-figure" src="../number_encoding.assets/1s_2s_complement.png" /></a></p>
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<p align="center"> 圖 3-4 原碼、一補數與二補數之間的相互轉換 </p>
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<p><u>原碼（sign-magnitude）</u>雖然最直觀，但存在一些侷限性。一方面，<strong>負數的原碼不能直接用於運算</strong>。例如在原碼下計算 <span class="arithmatex">\(1 + (-2)\)</span> ，得到的結果是 <span class="arithmatex">\(-3\)</span> ，這顯然是不對的。</p>
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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\begin{aligned}
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& 1 + (-2) \newline
|
|
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& \rightarrow 0000 \; 0001 + 1000 \; 0010 \newline
|
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& = 1000 \; 0011 \newline
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& \rightarrow -3
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\end{aligned}
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|
\]</div>
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<p>為了解決此問題，計算機引入了<u>一補數（1's complement）</u>。如果我們先將原碼轉換為一補數，並在一補數下計算 <span class="arithmatex">\(1 + (-2)\)</span> ，最後將結果從一補數轉換回原碼，則可得到正確結果 <span class="arithmatex">\(-1\)</span> 。</p>
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|
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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|
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\begin{aligned}
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& 1 + (-2) \newline
|
|
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& \rightarrow 0000 \; 0001 \; \text{(原碼)} + 1000 \; 0010 \; \text{(原碼)} \newline
|
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|
& = 0000 \; 0001 \; \text{(一補數)} + 1111 \; 1101 \; \text{(一補數)} \newline
|
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& = 1111 \; 1110 \; \text{(一補數)} \newline
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& = 1000 \; 0001 \; \text{(原碼)} \newline
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& \rightarrow -1
|
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|
\end{aligned}
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|
\]</div>
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<p>另一方面，<strong>數字零的原碼有 <span class="arithmatex">\(+0\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(-0\)</span> 兩種表示方式</strong>。這意味著數字零對應兩個不同的二進位制編碼，這可能會帶來歧義。比如在條件判斷中，如果沒有區分正零和負零，則可能會導致判斷結果出錯。而如果我們想處理正零和負零歧義，則需要引入額外的判斷操作，這可能會降低計算機的運算效率。</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
+0 & \rightarrow 0000 \; 0000 \newline
|
|
|
-0 & \rightarrow 1000 \; 0000
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
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|
<p>與原碼一樣，一補數也存在正負零歧義問題，因此計算機進一步引入了<u>二補數（2's complement）</u>。我們先來觀察一下負零的原碼、一補數、二補數的轉換過程：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
-0 \rightarrow \; & 1000 \; 0000 \; \text{(原碼)} \newline
|
|
|
= \; & 1111 \; 1111 \; \text{(一補數)} \newline
|
|
|
= 1 \; & 0000 \; 0000 \; \text{(二補數)} \newline
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>在負零的一補數基礎上加 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 會產生進位，但 <code>byte</code> 型別的長度只有 8 位，因此溢位到第 9 位的 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 會被捨棄。也就是說，<strong>負零的二補數為 <span class="arithmatex">\(0000 \; 0000\)</span> ，與正零的二補數相同</strong>。這意味著在二補數表示中只存在一個零，正負零歧義從而得到解決。</p>
|
|
|
<p>還剩最後一個疑惑：<code>byte</code> 型別的取值範圍是 <span class="arithmatex">\([-128, 127]\)</span> ，多出來的一個負數 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 是如何得到的呢？我們注意到，區間 <span class="arithmatex">\([-127, +127]\)</span> 內的所有整數都有對應的原碼、一補數和二補數，並且原碼和二補數之間可以互相轉換。</p>
|
|
|
<p>然而，<strong>二補數 <span class="arithmatex">\(1000 \; 0000\)</span> 是一個例外，它並沒有對應的原碼</strong>。根據轉換方法，我們得到該二補數的原碼為 <span class="arithmatex">\(0000 \; 0000\)</span> 。這顯然是矛盾的，因為該原碼表示數字 <span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span> ，它的二補數應該是自身。計算機規定這個特殊的二補數 <span class="arithmatex">\(1000 \; 0000\)</span> 代表 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 。實際上，<span class="arithmatex">\((-1) + (-127)\)</span> 在二補數下的計算結果就是 <span class="arithmatex">\(-128\)</span> 。</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
& (-127) + (-1) \newline
|
|
|
& \rightarrow 1111 \; 1111 \; \text{(原碼)} + 1000 \; 0001 \; \text{(原碼)} \newline
|
|
|
& = 1000 \; 0000 \; \text{(一補數)} + 1111 \; 1110 \; \text{(一補數)} \newline
|
|
|
& = 1000 \; 0001 \; \text{(二補數)} + 1111 \; 1111 \; \text{(二補數)} \newline
|
|
|
& = 1000 \; 0000 \; \text{(二補數)} \newline
|
|
|
& \rightarrow -128
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>你可能已經發現了，上述所有計算都是加法運算。這暗示著一個重要事實：<strong>計算機內部的硬體電路主要是基於加法運算設計的</strong>。這是因為加法運算相對於其他運算（比如乘法、除法和減法）來說，硬體實現起來更簡單，更容易進行並行化處理，運算速度更快。</p>
|
|
|
<p>請注意，這並不意味著計算機只能做加法。<strong>透過將加法與一些基本邏輯運算結合，計算機能夠實現各種其他的數學運算</strong>。例如，計算減法 <span class="arithmatex">\(a - b\)</span> 可以轉換為計算加法 <span class="arithmatex">\(a + (-b)\)</span> ；計算乘法和除法可以轉換為計算多次加法或減法。</p>
|
|
|
<p>現在我們可以總結出計算機使用二補數的原因：基於二補數表示，計算機可以用同樣的電路和操作來處理正數和負數的加法，不需要設計特殊的硬體電路來處理減法，並且無須特別處理正負零的歧義問題。這大大簡化了硬體設計，提高了運算效率。</p>
|
|
|
<p>二補數的設計非常精妙，因篇幅關係我們就先介紹到這裡，建議有興趣的讀者進一步深入瞭解。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="332">3.3.2 浮點數編碼<a class="headerlink" href="#332" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>細心的你可能會發現：<code>int</code> 和 <code>float</code> 長度相同，都是 4 位元組 ，但為什麼 <code>float</code> 的取值範圍遠大於 <code>int</code> ？這非常反直覺，因為按理說 <code>float</code> 需要表示小數，取值範圍應該變小才對。</p>
|
|
|
<p>實際上，<strong>這是因為浮點數 <code>float</code> 採用了不同的表示方式</strong>。記一個 32 位元長度的二進位制數為：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
b_{31} b_{30} b_{29} \ldots b_2 b_1 b_0
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>根據 IEEE 754 標準，32-bit 長度的 <code>float</code> 由以下三個部分構成。</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>符號位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{S}\)</span> ：佔 1 位 ，對應 <span class="arithmatex">\(b_{31}\)</span> 。</li>
|
|
|
<li>指數位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E}\)</span> ：佔 8 位 ，對應 <span class="arithmatex">\(b_{30} b_{29} \ldots b_{23}\)</span> 。</li>
|
|
|
<li>分數位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N}\)</span> ：佔 23 位 ，對應 <span class="arithmatex">\(b_{22} b_{21} \ldots b_0\)</span> 。</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>二進位制數 <code>float</code> 對應值的計算方法為：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\text {val} = (-1)^{b_{31}} \times 2^{\left(b_{30} b_{29} \ldots b_{23}\right)_2-127} \times\left(1 . b_{22} b_{21} \ldots b_0\right)_2
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>轉化到十進位制下的計算公式為：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\text {val}=(-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{\mathrm{E} -127} \times (1 + \mathrm{N})
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p>其中各項的取值範圍為：</p>
|
|
|
<div class="arithmatex">\[
|
|
|
\begin{aligned}
|
|
|
\mathrm{S} \in & \{ 0, 1\}, \quad \mathrm{E} \in \{ 1, 2, \dots, 254 \} \newline
|
|
|
(1 + \mathrm{N}) = & (1 + \sum_{i=1}^{23} b_{23-i} 2^{-i}) \subset [1, 2 - 2^{-23}]
|
|
|
\end{aligned}
|
|
|
\]</div>
|
|
|
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../number_encoding.assets/ieee_754_float.png" data-type="image" data-width="100%" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="IEEE 754 標準下的 float 的計算示例" class="animation-figure" src="../number_encoding.assets/ieee_754_float.png" /></a></p>
|
|
|
<p align="center"> 圖 3-5 IEEE 754 標準下的 float 的計算示例 </p>
|
|
|
|
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<p>觀察圖 3-5 ，給定一個示例資料 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{S} = 0\)</span> ， <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E} = 124\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} = 2^{-2} + 2^{-3} = 0.375\)</span> ，則有：</p>
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<div class="arithmatex">\[
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|
\text { val } = (-1)^0 \times 2^{124 - 127} \times (1 + 0.375) = 0.171875
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\]</div>
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<p>現在我們可以回答最初的問題：<strong><code>float</code> 的表示方式包含指數位，導致其取值範圍遠大於 <code>int</code></strong> 。根據以上計算，<code>float</code> 可表示的最大正數為 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{254 - 127} \times (2 - 2^{-23}) \approx 3.4 \times 10^{38}\)</span> ，切換符號位便可得到最小負數。</p>
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<p><strong>儘管浮點數 <code>float</code> 擴展了取值範圍，但其副作用是犧牲了精度</strong>。整數型別 <code>int</code> 將全部 32 位元用於表示數字，數字是均勻分佈的；而由於指數位的存在，浮點數 <code>float</code> 的數值越大，相鄰兩個數字之間的差值就會趨向越大。</p>
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<p>如表 3-2 所示，指數位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E} = 0\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{E} = 255\)</span> 具有特殊含義，<strong>用於表示零、無窮大、<span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{NaN}\)</span> 等</strong>。</p>
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<p align="center"> 表 3-2 指數位含義 </p>
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<div class="center-table">
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>指數位 E</th>
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<th>分數位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} = 0\)</span></th>
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<th>分數位 <span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{N} \ne 0\)</span></th>
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<th>計算公式</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(0\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\pm 0\)</span></td>
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<td>次正規數</td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\((-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{-126} \times (0.\mathrm{N})\)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(1, 2, \dots, 254\)</span></td>
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<td>正規數</td>
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<td>正規數</td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\((-1)^{\mathrm{S}} \times 2^{(\mathrm{E} -127)} \times (1.\mathrm{N})\)</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(255\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\pm \infty\)</span></td>
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<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\mathrm{NaN}\)</span></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>值得說明的是，次正規數顯著提升了浮點數的精度。最小正正規數為 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{-126}\)</span> ，最小正次正規數為 <span class="arithmatex">\(2^{-126} \times 2^{-23}\)</span> 。</p>
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<p>雙精度 <code>double</code> 也採用類似於 <code>float</code> 的表示方法，在此不做贅述。</p>
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