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---
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comments: true
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---
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# 6.2 雜湊衝突
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上一節提到,**通常情況下雜湊函式的輸入空間遠大於輸出空間**,因此理論上雜湊衝突是不可避免的。比如,輸入空間為全體整數,輸出空間為陣列容量大小,則必然有多個整數對映至同一桶索引。
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雜湊衝突會導致查詢結果錯誤,嚴重影響雜湊表的可用性。為了解決該問題,每當遇到雜湊衝突時,我們就進行雜湊表擴容,直至衝突消失為止。此方法簡單粗暴且有效,但效率太低,因為雜湊表擴容需要進行大量的資料搬運與雜湊值計算。為了提升效率,我們可以採用以下策略。
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1. 改良雜湊表資料結構,**使得雜湊表可以在出現雜湊衝突時正常工作**。
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2. 僅在必要時,即當雜湊衝突比較嚴重時,才執行擴容操作。
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雜湊表的結構改良方法主要包括“鏈式位址”和“開放定址”。
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## 6.2.1 鏈式位址
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在原始雜湊表中,每個桶僅能儲存一個鍵值對。<u>鏈式位址(separate chaining)</u>將單個元素轉換為鏈結串列,將鍵值對作為鏈結串列節點,將所有發生衝突的鍵值對都儲存在同一鏈結串列中。圖 6-5 展示了一個鏈式位址雜湊表的例子。
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![鏈式位址雜湊表](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_chaining.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 圖 6-5 鏈式位址雜湊表 </p>
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基於鏈式位址實現的雜湊表的操作方法發生了以下變化。
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- **查詢元素**:輸入 `key` ,經過雜湊函式得到桶索引,即可訪問鏈結串列頭節點,然後走訪鏈結串列並對比 `key` 以查詢目標鍵值對。
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- **新增元素**:首先透過雜湊函式訪問鏈結串列頭節點,然後將節點(鍵值對)新增到鏈結串列中。
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- **刪除元素**:根據雜湊函式的結果訪問鏈結串列頭部,接著走訪鏈結串列以查詢目標節點並將其刪除。
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鏈式位址存在以下侷限性。
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- **佔用空間增大**:鏈結串列包含節點指標,它相比陣列更加耗費記憶體空間。
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- **查詢效率降低**:因為需要線性走訪鏈結串列來查詢對應元素。
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以下程式碼給出了鏈式位址雜湊表的簡單實現,需要注意兩點。
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- 使用串列(動態陣列)代替鏈結串列,從而簡化程式碼。在這種設定下,雜湊表(陣列)包含多個桶,每個桶都是一個串列。
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- 以下實現包含雜湊表擴容方法。當負載因子超過 $\frac{2}{3}$ 時,我們將雜湊表擴容至原先的 $2$ 倍。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="hash_map_chaining.py"
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class HashMapChaining:
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"""鏈式位址雜湊表"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""建構子"""
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self.size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
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self.capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
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self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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self.extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
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self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)] # 桶陣列
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def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
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"""雜湊函式"""
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return key % self.capacity
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def load_factor(self) -> float:
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"""負載因子"""
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return self.size / self.capacity
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def get(self, key: int) -> str | None:
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"""查詢操作"""
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index = self.hash_func(key)
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bucket = self.buckets[index]
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# 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
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for pair in bucket:
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if pair.key == key:
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return pair.val
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# 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
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return None
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def put(self, key: int, val: str):
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"""新增操作"""
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# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
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self.extend()
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index = self.hash_func(key)
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bucket = self.buckets[index]
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# 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
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for pair in bucket:
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if pair.key == key:
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pair.val = val
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return
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# 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
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pair = Pair(key, val)
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bucket.append(pair)
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self.size += 1
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def remove(self, key: int):
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"""刪除操作"""
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index = self.hash_func(key)
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bucket = self.buckets[index]
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# 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
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for pair in bucket:
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if pair.key == key:
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bucket.remove(pair)
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self.size -= 1
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break
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def extend(self):
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"""擴容雜湊表"""
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# 暫存原雜湊表
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buckets = self.buckets
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# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
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self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
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self.buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.capacity)]
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self.size = 0
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# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
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for bucket in buckets:
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for pair in bucket:
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self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
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def print(self):
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"""列印雜湊表"""
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for bucket in self.buckets:
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res = []
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for pair in bucket:
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res.append(str(pair.key) + " -> " + pair.val)
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print(res)
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="hash_map_chaining.cpp"
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/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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private:
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int size; // 鍵值對數量
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int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
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double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
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vector<vector<Pair *>> buckets; // 桶陣列
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public:
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/* 建構子 */
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HashMapChaining() : size(0), capacity(4), loadThres(2.0 / 3.0), extendRatio(2) {
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buckets.resize(capacity);
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}
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/* 析構方法 */
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~HashMapChaining() {
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for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
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for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
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// 釋放記憶體
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delete pair;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 雜湊函式 */
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int hashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 負載因子 */
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double loadFactor() {
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return (double)size / (double)capacity;
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}
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/* 查詢操作 */
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string get(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
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for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
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if (pair->key == key) {
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return pair->val;
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}
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}
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// 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
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return "";
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}
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/* 新增操作 */
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void put(int key, string val) {
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// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
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extend();
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}
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
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for (Pair *pair : buckets[index]) {
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if (pair->key == key) {
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pair->val = val;
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return;
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}
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}
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// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
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buckets[index].push_back(new Pair(key, val));
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size++;
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}
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/* 刪除操作 */
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void remove(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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auto &bucket = buckets[index];
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// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
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for (int i = 0; i < bucket.size(); i++) {
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if (bucket[i]->key == key) {
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Pair *tmp = bucket[i];
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bucket.erase(bucket.begin() + i); // 從中刪除鍵值對
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delete tmp; // 釋放記憶體
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size--;
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return;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 擴容雜湊表 */
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void extend() {
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// 暫存原雜湊表
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vector<vector<Pair *>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
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// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
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capacity *= extendRatio;
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buckets.clear();
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buckets.resize(capacity);
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size = 0;
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// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
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for (auto &bucket : bucketsTmp) {
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for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
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put(pair->key, pair->val);
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// 釋放記憶體
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delete pair;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 列印雜湊表 */
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void print() {
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for (auto &bucket : buckets) {
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cout << "[";
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for (Pair *pair : bucket) {
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cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << ", ";
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}
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cout << "]\n";
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}
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}
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};
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="hash_map_chaining.java"
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/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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int size; // 鍵值對數量
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int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
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double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
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List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
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/* 建構子 */
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public HashMapChaining() {
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size = 0;
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capacity = 4;
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loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
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extendRatio = 2;
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buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
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for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
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buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
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}
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}
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/* 雜湊函式 */
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int hashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 負載因子 */
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double loadFactor() {
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return (double) size / capacity;
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}
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/* 查詢操作 */
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String get(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
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// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
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for (Pair pair : bucket) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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return pair.val;
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}
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}
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// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
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return null;
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}
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/* 新增操作 */
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void put(int key, String val) {
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// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
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extend();
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}
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
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// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
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for (Pair pair : bucket) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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pair.val = val;
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return;
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}
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}
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// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
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Pair pair = new Pair(key, val);
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bucket.add(pair);
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size++;
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}
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/* 刪除操作 */
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void remove(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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List<Pair> bucket = buckets.get(index);
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// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
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for (Pair pair : bucket) {
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if (pair.key == key) {
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bucket.remove(pair);
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size--;
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break;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 擴容雜湊表 */
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void extend() {
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// 暫存原雜湊表
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List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
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// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
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capacity *= extendRatio;
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buckets = new ArrayList<>(capacity);
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for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
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buckets.add(new ArrayList<>());
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}
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size = 0;
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// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
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for (List<Pair> bucket : bucketsTmp) {
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for (Pair pair : bucket) {
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put(pair.key, pair.val);
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}
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}
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}
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/* 列印雜湊表 */
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void print() {
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for (List<Pair> bucket : buckets) {
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List<String> res = new ArrayList<>();
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for (Pair pair : bucket) {
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res.add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
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}
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System.out.println(res);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title="hash_map_chaining.cs"
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/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
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class HashMapChaining {
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int size; // 鍵值對數量
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int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
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double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
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List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
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/* 建構子 */
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public HashMapChaining() {
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size = 0;
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capacity = 4;
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loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
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extendRatio = 2;
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buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
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for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
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buckets.Add([]);
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}
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}
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/* 雜湊函式 */
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int HashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 負載因子 */
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double LoadFactor() {
|
|
|
return (double)size / capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
public string? Get(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
public void Put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
Extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index]) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
buckets[index].Add(new Pair(key, val));
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
public void Remove(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets[index].ToList()) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
buckets[index].Remove(pair);
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void Extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
buckets = new List<List<Pair>>(capacity);
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
buckets.Add([]);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
public void Print() {
|
|
|
foreach (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
|
|
|
List<string> res = [];
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
res.Add(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
foreach (string kv in res) {
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine(kv);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="hash_map_chaining.go"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
type hashMapChaining struct {
|
|
|
size int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
capacity int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
loadThres float64 // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
extendRatio int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
buckets [][]pair // 桶陣列
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
func newHashMapChaining() *hashMapChaining {
|
|
|
buckets := make([][]pair, 4)
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
|
|
|
buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return &hashMapChaining{
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
extendRatio: 2,
|
|
|
buckets: buckets,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) hashFunc(key int) int {
|
|
|
return key % m.capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) loadFactor() float64 {
|
|
|
return float64(m.size) / float64(m.capacity)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) get(key int) string {
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
bucket := m.buckets[idx]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
if p.key == key {
|
|
|
return p.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
|
|
|
return ""
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) put(key int, val string) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if m.loadFactor() > m.loadThres {
|
|
|
m.extend()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for i := range m.buckets[idx] {
|
|
|
if m.buckets[idx][i].key == key {
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx][i].val = val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
p := pair{
|
|
|
key: key,
|
|
|
val: val,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx], p)
|
|
|
m.size += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) remove(key int) {
|
|
|
idx := m.hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for i, p := range m.buckets[idx] {
|
|
|
if p.key == key {
|
|
|
// 切片刪除
|
|
|
m.buckets[idx] = append(m.buckets[idx][:i], m.buckets[idx][i+1:]...)
|
|
|
m.size -= 1
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
tmpBuckets := make([][]pair, len(m.buckets))
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(m.buckets); i++ {
|
|
|
tmpBuckets[i] = make([]pair, len(m.buckets[i]))
|
|
|
copy(tmpBuckets[i], m.buckets[i])
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
m.capacity *= m.extendRatio
|
|
|
m.buckets = make([][]pair, m.capacity)
|
|
|
for i := 0; i < m.capacity; i++ {
|
|
|
m.buckets[i] = make([]pair, 0)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
m.size = 0
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for _, bucket := range tmpBuckets {
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
m.put(p.key, p.val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func (m *hashMapChaining) print() {
|
|
|
var builder strings.Builder
|
|
|
|
|
|
for _, bucket := range m.buckets {
|
|
|
builder.WriteString("[")
|
|
|
for _, p := range bucket {
|
|
|
builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(p.key) + " -> " + p.val + " ")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
builder.WriteString("]")
|
|
|
fmt.Println(builder.String())
|
|
|
builder.Reset()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="hash_map_chaining.swift"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
var loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
var extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
var buckets: [[Pair]] // 桶陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
key % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
func loadFactor() -> Double {
|
|
|
Double(size) / Double(capacity)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
return pair.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 nil
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
pair.val = val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
let pair = Pair(key: key, val: val)
|
|
|
buckets[index].append(pair)
|
|
|
size += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
func remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
let index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
let bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for (pairIndex, pair) in bucket.enumerated() {
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
buckets[index].remove(at: pairIndex)
|
|
|
size -= 1
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
let bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: [], count: capacity)
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for bucket in bucketsTmp {
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func print() {
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets {
|
|
|
let res = bucket.map { "\($0.key) -> \($0.val)" }
|
|
|
Swift.print(res)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="hash_map_chaining.js"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
#size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
#capacity; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
#loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
#extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
#buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4;
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key) {
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
#loadFactor() {
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
get(key) {
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
put(key, val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
remove(key) {
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
|
|
|
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
|
|
|
bucket.splice(i, 1);
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
#extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
print() {
|
|
|
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
let res = [];
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
console.log(res);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="hash_map_chaining.ts"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
#size: number; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
#capacity: number; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
#loadThres: number; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
#extendRatio: number; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
#buckets: Pair[][]; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4;
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
#loadFactor(): number {
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
get(key: number): string | null {
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
put(key: number, val: string): void {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
const bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key === key) {
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
const pair = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
remove(key: number): void {
|
|
|
const index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
let bucket = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {
|
|
|
if (bucket[i].key === key) {
|
|
|
bucket.splice(i, 1);
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
#extend(): void {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
this.#buckets = new Array(this.#capacity).fill(null).map((x) => []);
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (const bucket of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
print(): void {
|
|
|
for (const bucket of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
let res = [];
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucket) {
|
|
|
res.push(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
console.log(res);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="hash_map_chaining.dart"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
late int size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
late int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
late double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
late int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
late List<List<Pair>> buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
HashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
capacity = 4;
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
return size / capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
String? get(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
return pair.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
Pair pair = Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
bucket.add(pair);
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
List<Pair> bucket = buckets[index];
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
bucket.remove(pair);
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
break;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
List<List<Pair>> bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
buckets = List.generate(capacity, (_) => []);
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void printHashMap() {
|
|
|
for (List<Pair> bucket in buckets) {
|
|
|
List<String> res = [];
|
|
|
for (Pair pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
res.add("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
print(res);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="hash_map_chaining.rs"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
struct HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
size: i32,
|
|
|
capacity: i32,
|
|
|
load_thres: f32,
|
|
|
extend_ratio: i32,
|
|
|
buckets: Vec<Vec<Pair>>,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
fn new() -> Self {
|
|
|
Self {
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
extend_ratio: 2,
|
|
|
buckets: vec![vec![]; 4],
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
key as usize % self.capacity as usize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
fn load_factor(&self) -> f32 {
|
|
|
self.size as f32 / self.capacity as f32
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<String> {
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for i in 0..bucket.len() {
|
|
|
if bucket[i].key == key {
|
|
|
let pair = bucket.remove(i);
|
|
|
self.size -= 1;
|
|
|
return Some(pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fn extend(&mut self) {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
let buckets_tmp = std::mem::replace(&mut self.buckets, vec![]);
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
|
|
|
self.buckets = vec![Vec::new(); self.capacity as usize];
|
|
|
self.size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets_tmp {
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fn print(&self) {
|
|
|
for bucket in &self.buckets {
|
|
|
let mut res = Vec::new();
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
res.push(format!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val));
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
println!("{:?}", res);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
|
|
|
self.extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
pair.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
let bucket = &mut self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
let pair = Pair { key, val };
|
|
|
bucket.push(pair);
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
fn get(&self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
|
|
|
let index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
let bucket = &self.buckets[index];
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for pair in bucket {
|
|
|
if pair.key == key {
|
|
|
return Some(&pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 None
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="hash_map_chaining.c"
|
|
|
/* 鏈結串列節點 */
|
|
|
typedef struct Node {
|
|
|
Pair *pair;
|
|
|
struct Node *next;
|
|
|
} Node;
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
typedef struct {
|
|
|
int size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
Node **buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
} HashMapChaining;
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
HashMapChaining *newHashMapChaining() {
|
|
|
HashMapChaining *hashMap = (HashMapChaining *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapChaining));
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity = 4;
|
|
|
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return hashMap;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析構函式 */
|
|
|
void delHashMapChaining(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
Node *tmp = cur;
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
free(tmp->pair);
|
|
|
free(tmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
free(hashMap->buckets);
|
|
|
free(hashMap);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
int hashFunc(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
return key % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
double loadFactor(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
char *get(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
return cur->pair->val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return ""; // 若未找到 key ,則返回空字串
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
void put(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key, const char *val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend(hashMap);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
strcpy(cur->pair->val, val); // 若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至鏈結串列頭部
|
|
|
Pair *newPair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
newPair->key = key;
|
|
|
strcpy(newPair->val, val);
|
|
|
Node *newNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
|
|
|
newNode->pair = newPair;
|
|
|
newNode->next = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = newNode;
|
|
|
hashMap->size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void extend(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
Node **oldBuckets = hashMap->buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Node **)malloc(hashMap->capacity * sizeof(Node *));
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[i] = NULL;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Node *cur = oldBuckets[i];
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
put(hashMap, cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
|
|
|
Node *temp = cur;
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
// 釋放記憶體
|
|
|
free(temp->pair);
|
|
|
free(temp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
free(oldBuckets);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
void removeItem(HashMapChaining *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
Node *pre = NULL;
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
if (cur->pair->key == key) {
|
|
|
// 從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
if (pre) {
|
|
|
pre->next = cur->next;
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = cur->next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 釋放記憶體
|
|
|
free(cur->pair);
|
|
|
free(cur);
|
|
|
hashMap->size--;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
pre = cur;
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void print(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
printf("[");
|
|
|
while (cur) {
|
|
|
printf("%d -> %s, ", cur->pair->key, cur->pair->val);
|
|
|
cur = cur->next;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
printf("]\n");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="hash_map_chaining.kt"
|
|
|
/* 鏈式位址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining {
|
|
|
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
val loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
val extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
var buckets: MutableList<MutableList<Pair>> // 桶陣列
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
init {
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
buckets = mutableListOf()
|
|
|
for (i in 0..<capacity) {
|
|
|
buckets.add(mutableListOf())
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
fun hashFunc(key: Int): Int {
|
|
|
return key % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
fun loadFactor(): Double {
|
|
|
return (size / capacity).toDouble()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
fun get(key: Int): String? {
|
|
|
val index = hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
val bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for (pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) return pair._val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若未找到 key ,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
fun put(key: Int, _val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
val index = hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
val bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for (pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
pair._val = _val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
val pair = Pair(key, _val)
|
|
|
bucket.add(pair)
|
|
|
size++
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
fun remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
val index = hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
val bucket = buckets[index]
|
|
|
// 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for (pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
if (pair.key == key) {
|
|
|
bucket.remove(pair)
|
|
|
size--
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fun extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
val bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
// mutablelist 無固定大小
|
|
|
buckets = mutableListOf()
|
|
|
for (i in 0..<capacity) {
|
|
|
buckets.add(mutableListOf())
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (bucket in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
for (pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair._val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fun print() {
|
|
|
for (bucket in buckets) {
|
|
|
val res = mutableListOf<String>()
|
|
|
for (pair in bucket) {
|
|
|
val k = pair.key
|
|
|
val v = pair._val
|
|
|
res.add("$k -> $v")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
println(res)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="hash_map_chaining.rb"
|
|
|
### 鍵式位址雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
class HashMapChaining
|
|
|
### 建構子 ###
|
|
|
def initialize
|
|
|
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
|
|
|
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] } # 桶陣列
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 雜湊函式 ###
|
|
|
def hash_func(key)
|
|
|
key % @capacity
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 負載因子 ###
|
|
|
def load_factor
|
|
|
@size / @capacity
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 查詢操作 ###
|
|
|
def get(key)
|
|
|
index = hash_func(key)
|
|
|
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
|
|
# 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
for pair in bucket
|
|
|
return pair.val if pair.key == key
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
# 若未找到 key , 則返回 nil
|
|
|
nil
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 新增操作 ###
|
|
|
def put(key, val)
|
|
|
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
|
|
index = hash_func(key)
|
|
|
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
|
|
# 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
|
|
for pair in bucket
|
|
|
if pair.key == key
|
|
|
pair.val = val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
# 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
|
|
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
|
|
bucket << pair
|
|
|
@size += 1
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 刪除操作 ###
|
|
|
def remove(key)
|
|
|
index = hash_func(key)
|
|
|
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
|
|
# 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
|
|
for pair in bucket
|
|
|
if pair.key == key
|
|
|
bucket.delete(pair)
|
|
|
@size -= 1
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
def extend
|
|
|
# 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
buckets = @buckets
|
|
|
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
|
|
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] }
|
|
|
@size = 0
|
|
|
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for bucket in buckets
|
|
|
for pair in bucket
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 列印雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
def print
|
|
|
for bucket in @buckets
|
|
|
res = []
|
|
|
for pair in bucket
|
|
|
res << "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
pp res
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="hash_map_chaining.zig"
|
|
|
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
??? pythontutor "視覺化執行"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="height: 549px; width: 100%;"><iframe class="pythontutor-iframe" 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</iframe></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 5px;"><a href="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=class%20Pair%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8D%B5%E5%80%BC%E5%B0%8D%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.key%20%3D%20key%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.val%20%3D%20val%0A%0Aclass%20HashMapChaining%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%8F%88%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20__init__%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%3D%204%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.load_thres%20%3D%202.0%20/%203.0%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend_ratio%20%3D%202%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20hash_func%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20int%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20key%20%25%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20load_factor%28self%29%20-%3E%20float%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E8%B2%A0%E8%BC%89%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20self.size%20/%20self.capacity%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20get%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%20-%3E%20str%20%7C%20None%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20pair.val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%20None%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20put%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%2C%20val%3A%20str%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20self.load_factor%28%29%20%3E%20self.load_thres%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.extend%28%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair.val%20%3D%20val%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20return%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pair%20%3D%20Pair%28key%2C%20val%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.append%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%2B%3D%201%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20remove%28self%2C%20key%3A%20int%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20index%20%3D%20self.hash_func%28key%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket%20%3D%20self.buckets%5Bindex%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20if%20pair.key%20%3D%3D%20key%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20bucket.remove%28pair%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20-%3D%201%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20break%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20extend%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E6%93%B4%E5%AE%B9%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20buckets%20%3D%20self.buckets%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.capacity%20%2A%3D%20self.extend_ratio%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.buckets%20%3D%20%5B%5B%5D%20for%20_%20in%20range%28self.capacity%29%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.size%20%3D%200%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20bucket%20in%20buckets%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20self.put%28pair.key%2C%20pair.val%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20def%20print%28self%29%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%22%22%22%E5%88%97%E5%8D%B0%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%22%22%22%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20bucket%20in%20self.buckets%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res%20%3D%20%5B%5D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20for%20pair%20in%20bucket%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20res.append%28str%28pair.key%29%20%2B%20%22%20-%3E%20%22%20%2B%20pair.val%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20print%28res%29%0A%0A%0A%22%22%22Driver%20Code%22%22%22%0Aif%20__name__%20%3D%3D%20%22__main__%22%3A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E9%9B%9C%E6%B9%8A%E8%A1%A8%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap%20%3D%20HashMapChaining%28%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.put%2812836%2C%20%22%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%88%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.put%2815937%2C%20%22%E5%B0%8F%E5%9B%89%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.put%2816750%2C%20%22%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%97%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.put%2813276%2C%20%22%E5%B0%8F%E6%B3%95%22%29%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.put%2810583%2C%20%22%E5%B0%8F%E9%B4%A8%22%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%0A%20%20%20%20name%20%3D%20hashmap.get%2813276%29%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%0A%20%20%20%20hashmap.remove%2812836%29&codeDivHeight=800&codeDivWidth=600&cumulative=false&curInstr=4&heapPrimitives=nevernest&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">全螢幕觀看 ></a></div>
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值得注意的是,當鏈結串列很長時,查詢效率 $O(n)$ 很差。**此時可以將鏈結串列轉換為“AVL 樹”或“紅黑樹”**,從而將查詢操作的時間複雜度最佳化至 $O(\log n)$ 。
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## 6.2.2 開放定址
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<u>開放定址(open addressing)</u>不引入額外的資料結構,而是透過“多次探測”來處理雜湊衝突,探測方式主要包括線性探查、平方探測和多次雜湊等。
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下面以線性探查為例,介紹開放定址雜湊表的工作機制。
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### 1. 線性探查
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線性探查採用固定步長的線性搜尋來進行探測,其操作方法與普通雜湊表有所不同。
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- **插入元素**:透過雜湊函式計算桶索引,若發現桶內已有元素,則從衝突位置向後線性走訪(步長通常為 $1$ ),直至找到空桶,將元素插入其中。
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- **查詢元素**:若發現雜湊衝突,則使用相同步長向後進行線性走訪,直到找到對應元素,返回 `value` 即可;如果遇到空桶,說明目標元素不在雜湊表中,返回 `None` 。
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圖 6-6 展示了開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈。根據此雜湊函式,最後兩位相同的 `key` 都會被對映到相同的桶。而透過線性探查,它們被依次儲存在該桶以及之下的桶中。
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![開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_linear_probing.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 圖 6-6 開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表的鍵值對分佈 </p>
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然而,**線性探查容易產生“聚集現象”**。具體來說,陣列中連續被佔用的位置越長,這些連續位置發生雜湊衝突的可能性越大,從而進一步促使該位置的聚堆積生長,形成惡性迴圈,最終導致增刪查改操作效率劣化。
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值得注意的是,**我們不能在開放定址雜湊表中直接刪除元素**。這是因為刪除元素會在陣列內產生一個空桶 `None` ,而當查詢元素時,線性探查到該空桶就會返回,因此在該空桶之下的元素都無法再被訪問到,程式可能誤判這些元素不存在,如圖 6-7 所示。
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![在開放定址中刪除元素導致的查詢問題](hash_collision.assets/hash_table_open_addressing_deletion.png){ class="animation-figure" }
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<p align="center"> 圖 6-7 在開放定址中刪除元素導致的查詢問題 </p>
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為了解決該問題,我們可以採用<u>懶刪除(lazy deletion)</u>機制:它不直接從雜湊表中移除元素,**而是利用一個常數 `TOMBSTONE` 來標記這個桶**。在該機制下,`None` 和 `TOMBSTONE` 都代表空桶,都可以放置鍵值對。但不同的是,線性探查到 `TOMBSTONE` 時應該繼續走訪,因為其之下可能還存在鍵值對。
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然而,**懶刪除可能會加速雜湊表的效能退化**。這是因為每次刪除操作都會產生一個刪除標記,隨著 `TOMBSTONE` 的增加,搜尋時間也會增加,因為線性探查可能需要跳過多個 `TOMBSTONE` 才能找到目標元素。
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為此,考慮線上性探查中記錄遇到的首個 `TOMBSTONE` 的索引,並將搜尋到的目標元素與該 `TOMBSTONE` 交換位置。這樣做的好處是當每次查詢或新增元素時,元素會被移動至距離理想位置(探測起始點)更近的桶,從而最佳化查詢效率。
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以下程式碼實現了一個包含懶刪除的開放定址(線性探查)雜湊表。為了更加充分地使用雜湊表的空間,我們將雜湊表看作一個“環形陣列”,當越過陣列尾部時,回到頭部繼續走訪。
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=== "Python"
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```python title="hash_map_open_addressing.py"
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class HashMapOpenAddressing:
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"""開放定址雜湊表"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""建構子"""
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self.size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
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self.capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
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self.load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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self.extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
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self.buckets: list[Pair | None] = [None] * self.capacity # 桶陣列
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self.TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1") # 刪除標記
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def hash_func(self, key: int) -> int:
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"""雜湊函式"""
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return key % self.capacity
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def load_factor(self) -> float:
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"""負載因子"""
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return self.size / self.capacity
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def find_bucket(self, key: int) -> int:
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"""搜尋 key 對應的桶索引"""
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index = self.hash_func(key)
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first_tombstone = -1
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# 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
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while self.buckets[index] is not None:
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# 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
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if self.buckets[index].key == key:
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# 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
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if first_tombstone != -1:
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self.buckets[first_tombstone] = self.buckets[index]
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self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
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return first_tombstone # 返回移動後的桶索引
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return index # 返回桶索引
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# 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
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if first_tombstone == -1 and self.buckets[index] is self.TOMBSTONE:
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first_tombstone = index
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# 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
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index = (index + 1) % self.capacity
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# 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
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return index if first_tombstone == -1 else first_tombstone
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def get(self, key: int) -> str:
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"""查詢操作"""
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# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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index = self.find_bucket(key)
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# 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
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if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
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return self.buckets[index].val
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# 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 None
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return None
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def put(self, key: int, val: str):
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"""新增操作"""
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# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres:
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self.extend()
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# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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index = self.find_bucket(key)
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# 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
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if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
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self.buckets[index].val = val
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return
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# 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
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self.buckets[index] = Pair(key, val)
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self.size += 1
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def remove(self, key: int):
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"""刪除操作"""
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# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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index = self.find_bucket(key)
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# 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
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if self.buckets[index] not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
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self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE
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self.size -= 1
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def extend(self):
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"""擴容雜湊表"""
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# 暫存原雜湊表
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buckets_tmp = self.buckets
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# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
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self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio
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self.buckets = [None] * self.capacity
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self.size = 0
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# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
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for pair in buckets_tmp:
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if pair not in [None, self.TOMBSTONE]:
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self.put(pair.key, pair.val)
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def print(self):
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"""列印雜湊表"""
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for pair in self.buckets:
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if pair is None:
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print("None")
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elif pair is self.TOMBSTONE:
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print("TOMBSTONE")
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else:
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print(pair.key, "->", pair.val)
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cpp"
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/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
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class HashMapOpenAddressing {
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private:
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int size; // 鍵值對數量
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int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
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const double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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const int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
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vector<Pair *> buckets; // 桶陣列
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Pair *TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
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public:
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/* 建構子 */
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HashMapOpenAddressing() : size(0), buckets(capacity, nullptr) {
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}
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/* 析構方法 */
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~HashMapOpenAddressing() {
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for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
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if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
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delete pair;
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}
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}
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delete TOMBSTONE;
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}
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/* 雜湊函式 */
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int hashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 負載因子 */
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double loadFactor() {
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return (double)size / capacity;
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}
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/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
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int findBucket(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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int firstTombstone = -1;
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// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
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while (buckets[index] != nullptr) {
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// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
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if (buckets[index]->key == key) {
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// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
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if (firstTombstone != -1) {
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buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
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buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
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return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
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}
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return index; // 返回桶索引
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}
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// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
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if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
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firstTombstone = index;
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}
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// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
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index = (index + 1) % capacity;
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}
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// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
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return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
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}
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/* 查詢操作 */
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string get(int key) {
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
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if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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return buckets[index]->val;
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}
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// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回空字串
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return "";
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}
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/* 新增操作 */
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void put(int key, string val) {
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// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
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extend();
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}
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
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if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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buckets[index]->val = val;
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return;
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}
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// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
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buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
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size++;
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}
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/* 刪除操作 */
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void remove(int key) {
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
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if (buckets[index] != nullptr && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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delete buckets[index];
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buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
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size--;
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}
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}
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/* 擴容雜湊表 */
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void extend() {
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// 暫存原雜湊表
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vector<Pair *> bucketsTmp = buckets;
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// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
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capacity *= extendRatio;
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buckets = vector<Pair *>(capacity, nullptr);
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size = 0;
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// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
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for (Pair *pair : bucketsTmp) {
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if (pair != nullptr && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
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put(pair->key, pair->val);
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delete pair;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 列印雜湊表 */
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void print() {
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for (Pair *pair : buckets) {
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if (pair == nullptr) {
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cout << "nullptr" << endl;
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} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
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cout << "TOMBSTONE" << endl;
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} else {
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cout << pair->key << " -> " << pair->val << endl;
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}
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}
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}
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};
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title="hash_map_open_addressing.java"
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/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
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class HashMapOpenAddressing {
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private int size; // 鍵值對數量
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private int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
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private final double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
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private final int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
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private Pair[] buckets; // 桶陣列
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private final Pair TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
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/* 建構子 */
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public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
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size = 0;
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buckets = new Pair[capacity];
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}
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/* 雜湊函式 */
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private int hashFunc(int key) {
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return key % capacity;
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}
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/* 負載因子 */
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private double loadFactor() {
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return (double) size / capacity;
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}
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/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
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private int findBucket(int key) {
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int index = hashFunc(key);
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int firstTombstone = -1;
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// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
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while (buckets[index] != null) {
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// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
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if (buckets[index].key == key) {
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// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
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if (firstTombstone != -1) {
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buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
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buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
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return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
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}
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return index; // 返回桶索引
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}
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// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
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if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
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firstTombstone = index;
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}
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// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
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index = (index + 1) % capacity;
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}
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// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
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return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
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}
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/* 查詢操作 */
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public String get(int key) {
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
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if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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return buckets[index].val;
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}
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// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
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return null;
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}
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/* 新增操作 */
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public void put(int key, String val) {
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// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
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if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
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extend();
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}
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
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if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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buckets[index].val = val;
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return;
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}
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// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
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buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
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size++;
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}
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/* 刪除操作 */
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public void remove(int key) {
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// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
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int index = findBucket(key);
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// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
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|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
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buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
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|
size--;
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}
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}
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|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
private void extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
public void print() {
|
|
|
for (Pair pair : buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("null");
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
System.out.println("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
System.out.println(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="hash_map_open_addressing.cs"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
int size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
int capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
double loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
int extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
Pair[] buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
Pair TOMBSTONE = new(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
public HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
int HashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
return key % capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
double LoadFactor() {
|
|
|
return (double)size / capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
int FindBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = HashFunc(key);
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (buckets[index].key == key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index];
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
public string? Get(int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
return buckets[index].val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
public void Put(int key, string val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (LoadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
Extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
buckets[index].val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
public void Remove(int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = FindBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
size--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void Extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
Pair[] bucketsTmp = buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio;
|
|
|
buckets = new Pair[capacity];
|
|
|
size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
Put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
public void Print() {
|
|
|
foreach (Pair pair in buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("null");
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
Console.WriteLine(pair.key + " -> " + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="hash_map_open_addressing.go"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
type hashMapOpenAddressing struct {
|
|
|
size int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
capacity int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
loadThres float64 // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
extendRatio int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
buckets []*pair // 桶陣列
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE *pair // 刪除標記
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
func newHashMapOpenAddressing() *hashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
return &hashMapOpenAddressing{
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
loadThres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
extendRatio: 2,
|
|
|
buckets: make([]*pair, 4),
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE: &pair{-1, "-1"},
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) hashFunc(key int) int {
|
|
|
return key % h.capacity // 根據鍵計算雜湊值
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) loadFactor() float64 {
|
|
|
return float64(h.size) / float64(h.capacity) // 計算當前負載因子
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) findBucket(key int) int {
|
|
|
index := h.hashFunc(key) // 獲取初始索引
|
|
|
firstTombstone := -1 // 記錄遇到的第一個TOMBSTONE的位置
|
|
|
for h.buckets[index] != nil {
|
|
|
if h.buckets[index].key == key {
|
|
|
if firstTombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
h.buckets[firstTombstone] = h.buckets[index]
|
|
|
h.buckets[index] = h.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index // 返回找到的索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
if firstTombstone == -1 && h.buckets[index] == h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index // 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記的位置
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % h.capacity // 線性探查,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
if firstTombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
return firstTombstone
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) get(key int) string {
|
|
|
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if h.buckets[index] != nil && h.buckets[index] != h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
return h.buckets[index].val // 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return "" // 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 ""
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) put(key int, val string) {
|
|
|
if h.loadFactor() > h.loadThres {
|
|
|
h.extend() // 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if h.buckets[index] == nil || h.buckets[index] == h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
h.buckets[index] = &pair{key, val} // 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
h.size++
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
h.buckets[index].val = val // 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) remove(key int) {
|
|
|
index := h.findBucket(key) // 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if h.buckets[index] != nil && h.buckets[index] != h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
h.buckets[index] = h.TOMBSTONE // 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
h.size--
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) extend() {
|
|
|
oldBuckets := h.buckets // 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
h.capacity *= h.extendRatio // 更新容量
|
|
|
h.buckets = make([]*pair, h.capacity) // 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
h.size = 0 // 重置大小
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for _, pair := range oldBuckets {
|
|
|
if pair != nil && pair != h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
h.put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func (h *hashMapOpenAddressing) print() {
|
|
|
for _, pair := range h.buckets {
|
|
|
if pair == nil {
|
|
|
fmt.Println("nil")
|
|
|
} else if pair == h.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
fmt.Println("TOMBSTONE")
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
fmt.Printf("%d -> %s\n", pair.key, pair.val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Swift"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```swift title="hash_map_open_addressing.swift"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
var loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
var extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
var buckets: [Pair?] // 桶陣列
|
|
|
var TOMBSTONE: Pair // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
init() {
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE = Pair(key: -1, val: "-1")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
func hashFunc(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
key % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
func loadFactor() -> Double {
|
|
|
Double(size) / Double(capacity)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
func findBucket(key: Int) -> Int {
|
|
|
var index = hashFunc(key: key)
|
|
|
var firstTombstone = -1
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while buckets[index] != nil {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if buckets[index]!.key == key {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if firstTombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index]
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
func get(key: Int) -> String? {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
return buckets[index]!.val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
func put(key: Int, val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if loadFactor() > loadThres {
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
buckets[index]!.val = val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
buckets[index] = Pair(key: key, val: val)
|
|
|
size += 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
func remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = findBucket(key: key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if buckets[index] != nil, buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
size -= 1
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
let bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
buckets = Array(repeating: nil, count: capacity)
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for pair in bucketsTmp {
|
|
|
if let pair, pair != TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
put(key: pair.key, val: pair.val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
func print() {
|
|
|
for pair in buckets {
|
|
|
if pair == nil {
|
|
|
Swift.print("null")
|
|
|
} else if pair == TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
Swift.print("TOMBSTONE")
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
Swift.print("\(pair!.key) -> \(pair!.val)")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="hash_map_open_addressing.js"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
#size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
#capacity; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
#loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
#extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
#buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
#TOMBSTONE; // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.#size = 0; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
this.#capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
this.#loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
this.#extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null); // 桶陣列
|
|
|
this.#TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 刪除標記
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
#hashFunc(key) {
|
|
|
return key % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
#loadFactor() {
|
|
|
return this.#size / this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
#findBucket(key) {
|
|
|
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
let firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (this.#buckets[index] !== null) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (this.#buckets[index].key === key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
|
|
|
this.#buckets[firstTombstone] = this.#buckets[index];
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
firstTombstone === -1 &&
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] === this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % this.#capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
get(key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
return this.#buckets[index].val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
put(key, val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (this.#loadFactor() > this.#loadThres) {
|
|
|
this.#extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index].val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
this.#size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
remove(key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.#findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] !== this.#TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
this.#buckets[index] = this.#TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
this.#size--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
#extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.#buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
this.#capacity *= this.#extendRatio;
|
|
|
this.#buckets = Array(this.#capacity).fill(null);
|
|
|
this.#size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.#TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
print() {
|
|
|
for (const pair of this.#buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair === null) {
|
|
|
console.log('null');
|
|
|
} else if (pair === this.#TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TS"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="hash_map_open_addressing.ts"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
private size: number; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
private capacity: number; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
private loadThres: number; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
private extendRatio: number; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
private buckets: Array<Pair | null>; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
private TOMBSTONE: Pair; // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
constructor() {
|
|
|
this.size = 0; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
this.capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
this.loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
this.extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null); // 桶陣列
|
|
|
this.TOMBSTONE = new Pair(-1, '-1'); // 刪除標記
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
private hashFunc(key: number): number {
|
|
|
return key % this.capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
private loadFactor(): number {
|
|
|
return this.size / this.capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
private findBucket(key: number): number {
|
|
|
let index = this.hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
let firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (this.buckets[index] !== null) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (this.buckets[index]!.key === key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone !== -1) {
|
|
|
this.buckets[firstTombstone] = this.buckets[index];
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
firstTombstone === -1 &&
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] === this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % this.capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone === -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
get(key: number): string | null {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
return this.buckets[index]!.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
put(key: number, val: string): void {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (this.loadFactor() > this.loadThres) {
|
|
|
this.extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
this.buckets[index]!.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
this.size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
remove(key: number): void {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
const index = this.findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== null &&
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] !== this.TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
) {
|
|
|
this.buckets[index] = this.TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
this.size--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
private extend(): void {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
const bucketsTmp = this.buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
this.capacity *= this.extendRatio;
|
|
|
this.buckets = Array(this.capacity).fill(null);
|
|
|
this.size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (const pair of bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair !== null && pair !== this.TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
this.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
print(): void {
|
|
|
for (const pair of this.buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair === null) {
|
|
|
console.log('null');
|
|
|
} else if (pair === this.TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
console.log('TOMBSTONE');
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
console.log(pair.key + ' -> ' + pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Dart"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```dart title="hash_map_open_addressing.dart"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
late int _size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
int _capacity = 4; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
double _loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
int _extendRatio = 2; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
late List<Pair?> _buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
Pair _TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1"); // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
_size = 0;
|
|
|
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
int hashFunc(int key) {
|
|
|
return key % _capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
double loadFactor() {
|
|
|
return _size / _capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
int findBucket(int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(key);
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (_buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index]!.key == key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
_buckets[firstTombstone] = _buckets[index];
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && _buckets[index] == _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % _capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
String? get(int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
return _buckets[index]!.val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
void put(int key, String val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > _loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
_buckets[index]!.val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = new Pair(key, val);
|
|
|
_size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
void remove(int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (_buckets[index] != null && _buckets[index] != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
_buckets[index] = _TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
_size--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
List<Pair?> bucketsTmp = _buckets;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
_capacity *= _extendRatio;
|
|
|
_buckets = List.generate(_capacity, (index) => null);
|
|
|
_size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (Pair? pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void printHashMap() {
|
|
|
for (Pair? pair in _buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
print("null");
|
|
|
} else if (pair == _TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
print("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
print("${pair.key} -> ${pair.val}");
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Rust"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```rust title="hash_map_open_addressing.rs"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
struct HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
size: usize, // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
capacity: usize, // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
load_thres: f64, // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
extend_ratio: usize, // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
buckets: Vec<Option<Pair>>, // 桶陣列
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE: Option<Pair>, // 刪除標記
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
fn new() -> Self {
|
|
|
Self {
|
|
|
size: 0,
|
|
|
capacity: 4,
|
|
|
load_thres: 2.0 / 3.0,
|
|
|
extend_ratio: 2,
|
|
|
buckets: vec![None; 4],
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE: Some(Pair {
|
|
|
key: -1,
|
|
|
val: "-1".to_string(),
|
|
|
}),
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
fn hash_func(&self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
(key % self.capacity as i32) as usize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
fn load_factor(&self) -> f64 {
|
|
|
self.size as f64 / self.capacity as f64
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
fn find_bucket(&mut self, key: i32) -> usize {
|
|
|
let mut index = self.hash_func(key);
|
|
|
let mut first_tombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while self.buckets[index].is_some() {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].as_ref().unwrap().key == key {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將建值對移動至該索引
|
|
|
if first_tombstone != -1 {
|
|
|
self.buckets[first_tombstone as usize] = self.buckets[index].take();
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
|
|
|
return first_tombstone as usize; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if first_tombstone == -1 && self.buckets[index] == self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
first_tombstone = index as i32;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % self.capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
if first_tombstone == -1 {
|
|
|
index
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
first_tombstone as usize
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
fn get(&mut self, key: i32) -> Option<&str> {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
return self.buckets[index].as_ref().map(|pair| &pair.val as &str);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
None
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if self.load_factor() > self.load_thres {
|
|
|
self.extend();
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
self.buckets[index].as_mut().unwrap().val = val;
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = Some(Pair { key, val });
|
|
|
self.size += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
fn remove(&mut self, key: i32) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
let index = self.find_bucket(key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if self.buckets[index].is_some() && self.buckets[index] != self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
self.buckets[index] = self.TOMBSTONE.clone();
|
|
|
self.size -= 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fn extend(&mut self) {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
let buckets_tmp = self.buckets.clone();
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
self.capacity *= self.extend_ratio;
|
|
|
self.buckets = vec![None; self.capacity];
|
|
|
self.size = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for pair in buckets_tmp {
|
|
|
if pair.is_none() || pair == self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
continue;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
let pair = pair.unwrap();
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.put(pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fn print(&self) {
|
|
|
for pair in &self.buckets {
|
|
|
if pair.is_none() {
|
|
|
println!("null");
|
|
|
} else if pair == &self.TOMBSTONE {
|
|
|
println!("TOMBSTONE");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
let pair = pair.as_ref().unwrap();
|
|
|
println!("{} -> {}", pair.key, pair.val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="hash_map_open_addressing.c"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
typedef struct {
|
|
|
int size; // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
int capacity; // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
double loadThres; // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
int extendRatio; // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
Pair **buckets; // 桶陣列
|
|
|
Pair *TOMBSTONE; // 刪除標記
|
|
|
} HashMapOpenAddressing;
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing *newHashMapOpenAddressing() {
|
|
|
HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap = (HashMapOpenAddressing *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapOpenAddressing));
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity = 4;
|
|
|
hashMap->loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0;
|
|
|
hashMap->extendRatio = 2;
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)calloc(hashMap->capacity, sizeof(Pair *));
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->key = -1;
|
|
|
hashMap->TOMBSTONE->val = "-1";
|
|
|
|
|
|
return hashMap;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 析構函式 */
|
|
|
void delHashMapOpenAddressing(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
free(hashMap->buckets);
|
|
|
free(hashMap->TOMBSTONE);
|
|
|
free(hashMap);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
int hashFunc(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
return key % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
double loadFactor(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
return (double)hashMap->size / (double)hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
int findBucket(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
int index = hashFunc(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
int firstTombstone = -1;
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index]->key == key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[firstTombstone] = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
return firstTombstone; // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index; // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && hashMap->buckets[index] == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return firstTombstone == -1 ? index : firstTombstone;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
char *get(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
return hashMap->buckets[index]->val;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回空字串
|
|
|
return "";
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
void put(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key, char *val) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor(hashMap) > hashMap->loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend(hashMap);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
free(hashMap->buckets[index]->val);
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index]->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val) + 1));
|
|
|
strcpy(hashMap->buckets[index]->val, val);
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index]->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
Pair *pair = (Pair *)malloc(sizeof(Pair));
|
|
|
pair->key = key;
|
|
|
pair->val = (char *)malloc(sizeof(strlen(val) + 1));
|
|
|
strcpy(pair->val, val);
|
|
|
pair->val[strlen(val)] = '\0';
|
|
|
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = pair;
|
|
|
hashMap->size++;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
void removeItem(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap, int key) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
int index = findBucket(hashMap, key);
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (hashMap->buckets[index] != NULL && hashMap->buckets[index] != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[index];
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets[index] = hashMap->TOMBSTONE;
|
|
|
hashMap->size--;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void extend(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
Pair **bucketsTmp = hashMap->buckets;
|
|
|
int oldCapacity = hashMap->capacity;
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
hashMap->capacity *= hashMap->extendRatio;
|
|
|
hashMap->buckets = (Pair **)calloc(hashMap->capacity, sizeof(Pair *));
|
|
|
hashMap->size = 0;
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Pair *pair = bucketsTmp[i];
|
|
|
if (pair != NULL && pair != hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
put(hashMap, pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
free(pair->val);
|
|
|
free(pair);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
free(bucketsTmp);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
void print(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
|
|
|
Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
|
|
|
if (pair == NULL) {
|
|
|
printf("NULL\n");
|
|
|
} else if (pair == hashMap->TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
printf("TOMBSTONE\n");
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
printf("%d -> %s\n", pair->key, pair->val);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Kotlin"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```kotlin title="hash_map_open_addressing.kt"
|
|
|
/* 開放定址雜湊表 */
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing {
|
|
|
private var size: Int // 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
private var capacity: Int // 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
private val loadThres: Double // 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
private val extendRatio: Int // 擴容倍數
|
|
|
private var buckets: Array<Pair?> // 桶陣列
|
|
|
private val TOMBSTONE: Pair // 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 建構子 */
|
|
|
init {
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
capacity = 4
|
|
|
loadThres = 2.0 / 3.0
|
|
|
extendRatio = 2
|
|
|
buckets = arrayOfNulls(capacity)
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE = Pair(-1, "-1")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 雜湊函式 */
|
|
|
fun hashFunc(key: Int): Int {
|
|
|
return key % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 負載因子 */
|
|
|
fun loadFactor(): Double {
|
|
|
return (size / capacity).toDouble()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 */
|
|
|
fun findBucket(key: Int): Int {
|
|
|
var index = hashFunc(key)
|
|
|
var firstTombstone = -1
|
|
|
// 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while (buckets[index] != null) {
|
|
|
// 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if (buckets[index]?.key == key) {
|
|
|
// 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone != -1) {
|
|
|
buckets[firstTombstone] = buckets[index]
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
return firstTombstone // 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
return index // 返回桶索引
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
if (firstTombstone == -1 && buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
firstTombstone = index
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % capacity
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
return if (firstTombstone == -1) index else firstTombstone
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 查詢操作 */
|
|
|
fun get(key: Int): String? {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
val index = findBucket(key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
return buckets[index]?._val
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 null
|
|
|
return null
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 新增操作 */
|
|
|
fun put(key: Int, _val: String) {
|
|
|
// 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
if (loadFactor() > loadThres) {
|
|
|
extend()
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
val index = findBucket(key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 並返回
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
buckets[index]!!._val = _val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
// 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
buckets[index] = Pair(key, _val)
|
|
|
size++
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 刪除操作 */
|
|
|
fun remove(key: Int) {
|
|
|
// 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
val index = findBucket(key)
|
|
|
// 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
if (buckets[index] != null && buckets[index] != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
size--
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 擴容雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fun extend() {
|
|
|
// 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
val bucketsTmp = buckets
|
|
|
// 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
capacity *= extendRatio
|
|
|
buckets = arrayOfNulls(capacity)
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
// 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for (pair in bucketsTmp) {
|
|
|
if (pair != null && pair != TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair._val)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 列印雜湊表 */
|
|
|
fun print() {
|
|
|
for (pair in buckets) {
|
|
|
if (pair == null) {
|
|
|
println("null")
|
|
|
} else if (pair == TOMBSTONE) {
|
|
|
println("TOMESTOME")
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
println("${pair.key} -> ${pair._val}")
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Ruby"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ruby title="hash_map_open_addressing.rb"
|
|
|
### 開放定址雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
class HashMapOpenAddressing
|
|
|
TOMBSTONE = Pair.new(-1, '-1') # 刪除標記
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 建構子 ###
|
|
|
def initialize
|
|
|
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
|
|
|
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
|
|
|
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
|
|
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
|
|
|
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) # 桶陣列
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 雜湊函式 ###
|
|
|
def hash_func(key)
|
|
|
key % @capacity
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 負載因子 ###
|
|
|
def load_factor
|
|
|
@size / @capacity
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 ###
|
|
|
def find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
index = hash_func(key)
|
|
|
first_tombstone = -1
|
|
|
# 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
|
|
while !@buckets[index].nil?
|
|
|
# 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
|
|
if @buckets[index].key == key
|
|
|
# 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
|
|
if first_tombstone != -1
|
|
|
@buckets[first_tombstone] = @buckets[index]
|
|
|
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
return first_tombstone # 返回移動後的桶索引
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
return index # 返回桶索引
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
# 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
|
|
first_tombstone = index if first_tombstone == -1 && @buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
# 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
|
|
index = (index + 1) % @capacity
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
# 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
|
|
first_tombstone == -1 ? index : first_tombstone
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 查詢操作 ###
|
|
|
def get(key)
|
|
|
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
index = find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
# 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
|
|
return @buckets[index].val unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
|
|
# 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 nil
|
|
|
nil
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 新增操作 ###
|
|
|
def put(key, val)
|
|
|
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
|
|
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
|
|
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
index = find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
# 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 開返回
|
|
|
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
|
|
@buckets[index].val = val
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
# 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
|
|
@buckets[index] = Pair.new(key, val)
|
|
|
@size += 1
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 刪除操作 ###
|
|
|
def remove(key)
|
|
|
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
|
|
index = find_bucket(key)
|
|
|
# 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
|
|
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
|
|
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
@size -= 1
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
def extend
|
|
|
# 暫存原雜湊表
|
|
|
buckets_tmp = @buckets
|
|
|
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
|
|
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
|
|
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity)
|
|
|
@size = 0
|
|
|
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
|
|
for pair in buckets_tmp
|
|
|
put(pair.key, pair.val) unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(pair)
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 列印雜湊表 ###
|
|
|
def print
|
|
|
for pair in @buckets
|
|
|
if pair.nil?
|
|
|
puts "Nil"
|
|
|
elsif pair == TOMBSTONE
|
|
|
puts "TOMBSTONE"
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
end
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Zig"
|
|
|
|
|
|
```zig title="hash_map_open_addressing.zig"
|
|
|
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 2. 平方探測
|
|
|
|
|
|
平方探測與線性探查類似,都是開放定址的常見策略之一。當發生衝突時,平方探測不是簡單地跳過一個固定的步數,而是跳過“探測次數的平方”的步數,即 $1, 4, 9, \dots$ 步。
|
|
|
|
|
|
平方探測主要具有以下優勢。
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 平方探測透過跳過探測次數平方的距離,試圖緩解線性探查的聚集效應。
|
|
|
- 平方探測會跳過更大的距離來尋找空位置,有助於資料分佈得更加均勻。
|
|
|
|
|
|
然而,平方探測並不是完美的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 仍然存在聚集現象,即某些位置比其他位置更容易被佔用。
|
|
|
- 由於平方的增長,平方探測可能不會探測整個雜湊表,這意味著即使雜湊表中有空桶,平方探測也可能無法訪問到它。
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 3. 多次雜湊
|
|
|
|
|
|
顧名思義,多次雜湊方法使用多個雜湊函式 $f_1(x)$、$f_2(x)$、$f_3(x)$、$\dots$ 進行探測。
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **插入元素**:若雜湊函式 $f_1(x)$ 出現衝突,則嘗試 $f_2(x)$ ,以此類推,直到找到空位後插入元素。
|
|
|
- **查詢元素**:在相同的雜湊函式順序下進行查詢,直到找到目標元素時返回;若遇到空位或已嘗試所有雜湊函式,說明雜湊表中不存在該元素,則返回 `None` 。
|
|
|
|
|
|
與線性探查相比,多次雜湊方法不易產生聚集,但多個雜湊函式會帶來額外的計算量。
|
|
|
|
|
|
!!! tip
|
|
|
|
|
|
請注意,開放定址(線性探查、平方探測和多次雜湊)雜湊表都存在“不能直接刪除元素”的問題。
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 6.2.3 程式語言的選擇
|
|
|
|
|
|
各種程式語言採取了不同的雜湊表實現策略,下面舉幾個例子。
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Python 採用開放定址。字典 `dict` 使用偽隨機數進行探測。
|
|
|
- Java 採用鏈式位址。自 JDK 1.8 以來,當 `HashMap` 內陣列長度達到 64 且鏈結串列長度達到 8 時,鏈結串列會轉換為紅黑樹以提升查詢效能。
|
|
|
- Go 採用鏈式位址。Go 規定每個桶最多儲存 8 個鍵值對,超出容量則連線一個溢位桶;當溢位桶過多時,會執行一次特殊的等量擴容操作,以確保效能。
|