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krahets 1 year ago
parent cddd644e4e
commit ccb44ea5ef

@ -2201,7 +2201,7 @@
dp[i] = \min(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]) + cost[i] dp[i] = \min(dp[i-1], dp[i-2]) + cost[i]
\]</div> \]</div>
<p>这便可以引出「最优子结构」的含义:<strong>原问题的最优解是从子问题的最优解构建得来的</strong>。对于本题,我们从两个子问题最优解 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1]\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2]\)</span> 中挑选出较优的那一个,并用它构建出原问题 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span> 的最优解。</p> <p>这便可以引出「最优子结构」的含义:<strong>原问题的最优解是从子问题的最优解构建得来的</strong>。对于本题,我们从两个子问题最优解 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-1]\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i-2]\)</span> 中挑选出较优的那一个,并用它构建出原问题 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[i]\)</span> 的最优解。</p>
<p>相较于分治算法问题,动态规划问题的解也是由其子问题的解构成的。不同的是,<strong>动态规划中子问题的解不仅揭示了问题的局部最优解,而且还通过特定的递推关系链接起来,共同构建出原问题的全局最优解</strong></p> <p>相较于分治问题,动态规划问题的解也是由其子问题的解构成的。不同的是,<strong>动态规划中子问题的解不仅揭示了问题的局部最优解,而且还通过特定的递推关系链接起来,共同构建出原问题的全局最优解</strong></p>
<p>那么,上节的爬楼梯题目有没有最优子结构呢?它要求解的是方案数量,看似是一个计数问题,但如果换一种问法:求解最大方案数量。我们意外地发现,<strong>虽然题目修改前后是等价的,但最优子结构浮现出来了</strong>:第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 阶最大方案数量等于第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n-1\)</span> 阶和第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n-2\)</span> 阶最大方案数量之和。所以说,最优子结构的是一个比较宽泛的概念,在不同问题中会有不同的含义。</p> <p>那么,上节的爬楼梯题目有没有最优子结构呢?它要求解的是方案数量,看似是一个计数问题,但如果换一种问法:求解最大方案数量。我们意外地发现,<strong>虽然题目修改前后是等价的,但最优子结构浮现出来了</strong>:第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 阶最大方案数量等于第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n-1\)</span> 阶和第 <span class="arithmatex">\(n-2\)</span> 阶最大方案数量之和。所以说,最优子结构的是一个比较宽泛的概念,在不同问题中会有不同的含义。</p>
<p>根据以上状态转移方程,以及初始状态 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[1] = cost[1]\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[2] = cost[2]\)</span> ,我们可以得出动态规划解题代码。</p> <p>根据以上状态转移方程,以及初始状态 <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[1] = cost[1]\)</span> , <span class="arithmatex">\(dp[2] = cost[2]\)</span> ,我们可以得出动态规划解题代码。</p>
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<h1 id="131">13.1. &nbsp; 初探动态规划<a class="headerlink" href="#131" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1> <h1 id="131">13.1. &nbsp; 初探动态规划<a class="headerlink" href="#131" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>「动态规划 Dynamic Programming」是一种用于解决复杂问题的优化算法它把一个问题分解为一系列更小的子问题并把子问题的解存储起来以供后续使用从而避免了重复计算提升了解题效率。</p> <p>「动态规划 Dynamic Programming」是一种用于解决复杂问题的优化算法它把一个问题分解为一系列更小的子问题并把子问题的解存储起来以供后续使用从而避免了重复计算提升了解题效率。</p>
<p>在本节中,我们先从一个动态规划经典例题入手,了解动态规划是如何高效地求解问题的</p> <p>在本节中,我们先从一个动态规划的经典例题入手,先给出它的暴力回溯解法,观察其中包含的重叠子问题,再一步步导出更高效的动态规划解法</p>
<div class="admonition question"> <div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">爬楼梯</p> <p class="admonition-title">爬楼梯</p>
<p>给定一个共有 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 阶的楼梯,你每步可以上 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 阶或者 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 阶,请问有多少种方案可以爬到楼顶。</p> <p>给定一个共有 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 阶的楼梯,你每步可以上 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span> 阶或者 <span class="arithmatex">\(2\)</span> 阶,请问有多少种方案可以爬到楼顶。</p>
@ -2774,6 +2774,12 @@ dp[i] = dp[i-1] + dp[i-2]
</div> </div>
</div> </div>
<p><strong>我们将这种空间优化技巧称为「状态压缩」</strong>。在许多动态规划问题中,当前状态仅与前面有限个状态有关,不必保存所有的历史状态,这时我们可以应用状态压缩,只保留必要的状态,通过“降维”来节省内存空间。</p> <p><strong>我们将这种空间优化技巧称为「状态压缩」</strong>。在许多动态规划问题中,当前状态仅与前面有限个状态有关,不必保存所有的历史状态,这时我们可以应用状态压缩,只保留必要的状态,通过“降维”来节省内存空间。</p>
<p>总的看来,子问题分解是一种通用的算法思路,在分治算法、动态规划、回溯算法中各有特点:</p>
<ul>
<li>分治算法将原问题划分为几个独立的子问题,然后递归解决子问题,最后合并子问题的解得到原问题的解。例如,归并排序将长数组不断划分为两个短子数组,再将排序好的子数组合并为排序好的长数组。</li>
<li>动态规划也是将原问题分解为多个子问题,但与分治算法的主要区别是,<strong>动态规划中的子问题往往不是相互独立的</strong>,原问题的解依赖于子问题的解,而子问题的解又依赖于更小的子问题的解。因此,动态规划通常会引入记忆化,保存已经解决的子问题的解,避免重复计算。</li>
<li>回溯算法在尝试和回退中穷举所有可能的解,并通过剪枝避免不必要的搜索分支。原问题的解由一系列决策步骤构成,我们可以将每个决策步骤之后的剩余问题看作为一个子问题。</li>
</ul>

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